Adverse human health outcomes associated with psychological trauma : a review

Jan, Zala (author), Gostečnik, Christian (author), Kralj-Iglič, Veronika (author)

Until 30 years ago it was believed that psychological stress increases cortisol secretion, but later studies gave contradictory results. Decrease in cortisol levels in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reflects a nonnormative and inadequate response to severe stressors, with its pathophysiology involving maladaptation or dysfunction in stress-regulatory systems. To have more insights in response of human body to physiological stress, inflammatory signals, oxidative stress parameters and other health parameters were measured. As for the cortisol level results, also inflammatory signals, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), have been reported to increase and decrease in PTSD. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and CRP were reported higher and lower in blood samples of individuals with PTSD. Some studies report that dysregulation of the stress axis could have direct effects on brain regions responsible for the regulation of fear and anxiety (such as the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus). Early-life stress, such as childhood adversity (abuse, neglect, or family disfunction), is a potent risk factor for developing PTSD in response to later trauma, and elevated peripheral markers of inflammation are one of the best-replicated findings in children and adults with early-life stress. Those who develop PTSD may have an inability or failure to activate an innate immune response. PTSD can also result in other adverse outcomes, such as heightened oxidative stress (OXS), eating disorders, metabolic disorder, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since the results are very contradictory for PTSD and inflammation response of the human body, further research is important. Small cellular particles that can be isolated from body fluids present potential biomarkers of the clinical status and will be considered in planning the future research. This contribution presents perspectives in assessment of psychological stress by objective parameters

• Language: English
• Keywords: cortisol, post-traumatic stress disorder, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cytokines, eating disorders, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disease, small cellular particles as stress markers, extracellular vesicles as stress markers
• Typology: 1.06 - Published Scientific Conference Contribution (invited lecture)
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences; TEOF - Theological Faculty
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Publication date: 14.09.2022
• Year: 2022
• Number of pages: Str. 47-55
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-143695
• UDC: 61:577
• DOI: 10.55295/PSL.2022.D7
• COBISS.SI-ID: 121272323
• Publication date in RUL: 09.01.2023

Record is a part of a monograph

• Title: Socratic lectures : 7th international symposium, Ljubljana, 7. May 2022
• Editors: Veronika Kralj-Iglič
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: University of Ljubljana Press
• Year: 2022
• ISBN: 978-961-7128-75-8
• COBISS.SI-ID: 117944067

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 14.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: Undetermined
• Keywords: kortizol, posttravmatska stresna motnja, vnetni odziv, oksidativni stres, citokini, motnje hranjenja, presnovna motnja, bolezni srca in ožilja, majhni celični delci kot markerji stresa, zunajcelični vezikli kot markerji stresa