Kritična analiza zastaranja in prekluzije v zasebnem pravu

Zupan, Nina (author), Možina, Damjan (mentor)

V zasebnem pravu institut zastaranja pomeni ureditev vpliva poteka časa na pravna razmerja, kjer je potrebno previdno in premišljeno tehtanje interesov strank pravnega razmerja ter javnopravnih interesov. Zgodovinski razvoj zastaranja se je v veliki meri osredotočal na interese dolžnika in na javne interese, v sodobnem času pa se – zaradi diskurza o človekovih pravicah, ki se je razširil na področje zasebnega prava – vse bolj poudarja tudi upnikove interese. Z zastaranjem se namreč poseže v upnikovo pravico do sodnega varstva, ki je konvencijska in ustavna pravica. Na teh izhodiščih temelji sodobni model zastaranja v akademskih reformnih modelih, ki se postopoma uveljavlja tudi v nacionalnih ureditvah. Njegove temeljne značilnosti so skrajšanje splošnega zastaralnega roka in vezava začetka njegovega teka na trenutek upnikove seznanitve z okoliščinami zahtevka in z osebo dolžnika, zmanjšanje števila posebnih zastaralnih rokov, prevetritev razlogov za zadržanje teka roka ter razširitev možnosti strank, da prilagodijo pravila o zastaranju potrebam svojega pravnega razmerja. Doktorsko delo podrobno analizira in kritično ovrednoti veljavno slovensko ureditev zastaranja z vidika njenega zgodovinskega razvoja ter s primerjalnopravnega vidika, kjer so poleg akademskih reformnih modelov analizirane germanske pravne ureditve, prav tako v kontekstu analize konceptualnih vprašanj niso spregledane ostale evropske ureditve in sodna praksa ESČP ter SEU. Pri tem ugotavlja, da je bila smer urejanja zastaranja v času nekdanje Jugoslavije za tisti čas napredna, kar je preprečilo večje težave pri uporabi pravil. Kljub temu so danes razvidne pomanjkljivosti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče odpraviti z upoštevanjem sodobnih smernic. Delo z zgodovinskopravnega in primerjalnopravnega vidika obravnava tudi institut materialnopravne prekluzije. Opozarja zlasti na ustavnopravno sporno zakonsko klavzulo OZ, ki v celoti izključuje uporabo pravil o zastaranju za prekluzivne roke, ter na nekatere sporne primere uzakonitve prekluzivnih rokov v domačem pravu (med njimi rokov za uveljavljanje jamčevalnih zahtevkov zaradi napak stvari), ki niso v skladu z namenom prekluzije.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: zastaranje, prekluzija, zasebno pravo, primerjalno pravo, pravica do sodnega varstva, pravna varnost, subjektivni rok, pravilo odkritja, časovno omejevanje jamčevalnih zahtevkov
• Work type: Doctoral dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-142223
• COBISS.SI-ID: 127319043
• Publication date in RUL: 26.10.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: A Critical Analysis of Prescription and Cut-Off in Private Law

Abstract

Limitation of acts (extinctive prescription) in private law regulates the effect of lapse of time on legal relationships and requires careful and thoughtful weighing of interest of the parties of the legal relationship as well as public interests. Historically, prescription was focused on the interests of the debtor and public interests. Today, however, the interests of the creditor are increasingly gaining importance as a consequence of the human rights discourse being broadened to private law. Namely, prescription can affect creditor's constitutional and Convention right to a fair trial. A modern prescription model, based on the forementioned postulates, is enshrined in several model rules for private law and is slowly making its way into national laws. Its fundamental features are shortening of the general limitation period, discovery of claim rule governing the start of the limitation period, decrease in the number of special limitation periods, a revision of the rules governing suspension of the limitation period and enabling greater party autonomy in prescription matters. The doctoral thesis closely examines and critically assesses prescription legislation currently in force in Slovenia. It looks into its historical development and provides a detailed comparative legal analysis based on international model rules, German, Austrian and Swiss legislation. In analysing certain conceptual problems, it also takes into account other European legal regimes and jurisprudence of the ECtHR and CJEU. It is concluded that prescription legislation in the former Yugoslavia was relatively advanced at the time and prevented significant difficulties; however, deficiencies have become apparent by now that could be remedied by incorporating modern guidelines on prescription into national legislation. The thesis also delves into the special set of rules on cut-off periods and examines them from historical and comparative perspective. In particular, it draws attention to the constitutionally problematic clause in the Slovenian Obligations Act which precludes the possibility of analogous applicability of the rules on prescription for cut-off periods. Some cut-off periods are particularly controversial (such as periods for warranty claims) as they are not compatible with the purpose of the cut-off periods.

• Keywords: extinctive prescription, limitation of acts, limitation periods, cut-off periods, private law, comparative law, right to fair trial, access to court, discovery rule, temporal limitation of warranty claims