Pregled in primerjava pojavnosti in učinkov analogov bisfenola A

Krajnc, Monja (author), Sollner Dolenc, Marija (mentor)

Bisfenol A je spojina, ki jo uvrščamo med kemične motilce endokrinega sistema. Vplive bisfenola A so proučile in potrdile tudi regulatorne organizacije ter začele njegovo uporabo od leta 2009 omejevati, zato so bila podjetja primorana bisfenol A zamenjati z analogi bisfenola A, ki so mu v uporabnosti in strukturi bolj ali manj podobni. Namen te magistrske naloge je bil narediti primerjavo raziskanih analogov bisfenola A, pri čemer smo se osredotočili na neželene učinke, ugotovljene v in vitro ter in vivo testiranjih, pojavnost v okolju in v živih organizmih. Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili sistematični literaturni pregled dveh podatkovnih baz – PubMed in Science Direct. Med dostopnimi članki pa smo informacije, ki so primerne za naš literaturni pregled, izbrali v skladu z metodologijo PRISMA. Potencialni okoljski viri izpostavljenosti spojinam, ki smo jih raziskali, so hrana, izdelki za potrošnike, prah notranjih prostorov, vode in sedimenti, odpadne vode ter blato čistilnih naprav. V Evropi smo podatke o pojavnosti v okolju našli za vse raziskovane analoge bisfenola A, razen za bisfenol TMC. Najvišjo vsebnost analogov bisfenola A so izmerili v termičnem papirju, kjer so vrednosti bisfenola S dosegle 0,013 g/g. Tudi v Aziji smo podatke o pojavnost v okolju našli za vse analoge, razen za bisfenol C. Najvišjo vsebnost pa so tudi v Aziji izmerili v termičnem papirju, kjer so vrednosti analoga TGSA dosegle 0,026 g/g, V Ameriki so prisotnost v okolju potrdili za vse preiskane analoge in najvišjo vsebnost prav tako izmerili v papirnatih izdelkih, kjer je bisfenol S dosegel vrednosti do 0,022 g/g. V pregledu raziskav pojavnosti pri ljudeh smo ugotavljali prisotnost analogov bisfenola A v telesnih vzorcih (v urinu, krvi, materinem mleku), podatke pa smo prav tako opredelili glede na celine. V Evropi in Ameriki so v vseh vrstah telesnih vzorcev odkrili vse preiskovane analoge, v Aziji prav tako, le da v krvi niso zasledili bisfenola Z. V pregledanih in vitro raziskavah so vsi preiskani analogi pokazali določeno aktivnost (agonistično ali antagonistično delovanje) na estrogenskem, androgenem in/ali receptorju za ščitnične hormone. Pregledane in vivo raziskave na živalih kažejo določen vpliv raziskovanih analogov na endokrini sistem, razvoj in razmnoževanje, a so rezultati raziskav včasih nasprotujoči, saj so se metode in izbor testiranih živali v študijah pogosto razlikovali. Tudi v pregledanih raziskavah humanega biomonitoringa smo pogosto ugotovili nasprotujoče si rezultate, a so si raziskave enotne, da imajo preiskovani analogi vpliv na reproduktivni sistem, metabolizem in tumorogenezo ter da so ti učinki odvisni tudi od starosti in spola, tako pri ljudeh kot drugih živalskih vrstah.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: analogi BPA, in vitro raziskave, in vivo raziskave, okolje, telesne tekočine
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-141363
• Publication date in RUL: 29.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Review and comparison of the incidence and effects of bisphenol A analogues

Abstract

Bisphenol A is a compound classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Regulatory organisations studied and confirmed the effects of bisphenol A and began to restrict its use since 2009. As a result, companies were forced to replace bisphenol A with bisphenol A analogues, which are more or less similar to bisphenol A in terms of usability and structure. The purpose of this master's thesis was to compare the studied bisphenol A analogues, focusing on the adverse effects found in in vitro and in vivo tests, their occurrence in the environment and in living organisms. To collect data, we used a systematic literature review in two databases – PubMed and Science Direct. Among the available articles, we selected information relevant for our literature review in accordance with the PRISMA methodology. Potential sources of environmental exposure to the compounds studied are food, consumer products, indoor dust, waters and sediments, waste water and sewage sludge. In Europe, data on occurrence in the environment was found for all bisphenol A analogues studied, except for the bisphenol TMC. The highest values of bisphenol A analogues were measured in thermal paper, where the values of bisphenol S reached 0.013 g/g. We found data on the occurrence in the environment for all bisphenol A analogues also for Asia, except for bisphenol C. The highest content was also measured in thermal paper, where the values of the analogue TGSA reached 0.026 g/g. In America, the presence in the environment was confirmed for all studied analogues, with the highest value also measured in paper products, where bisphenol S reached values up to 0.022 g/g. In a review of studies on occurrence in humans, we determined the presence of bisphenol A analogues in body samples (urine, blood, breast milk), and the data was also categorised by continents. In Europe and America, all studied analogues were detected in all types of body samples, as were in Asia, with the exception that no bisphenol Z was found in the blood. In reviewed in vitro studies, all studied analogues showed certain activities (agonistic or antagonistic activity) on oestrogen, androgen and/or thyroid hormone receptors. Reviewed in vivo studies on animals showed a certain effect of the studied analogues on the endocrine system, development and reproduction, but study results are sometimes contradictory as the methods and selection of animals tested in the studies often differed. Even in reviewed human biomonitoring studies, we often found contradictory results; however, studies are unanimous that the studied analogues have an impact on the reproductive system, metabolism and tumorigenesis, and that these effects also depend on age and gender of humans as well as other animal species.

• Keywords: BPA analogues, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, environment, body fluids