Žlahtnjiteljski pomen divjih sorodnikov žlahtne jablane (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Hrovatič, Urban (author), Veberič, Robert (mentor)

Žlahtna jablana (Malus domestica Borkh.) izvira iz Centralne Azije. Za prvotnega prednika se je ugotovilo, da je to Malus sieversii. S križanjem jablane so se začeli ukvarjati v Evropi, ko se je preselila iz Centralne Azije v Evropo po Svilni cesti. Kot prvi se je z načrtnim križanjem jablane leta 1800 začel ukvarjati T. A. Knight. Kasneje je velik vpliv imel žlahtniteljski program univerz Purdue, Rutgers in Illinois, saj se je ukvarjal z razvojem genotipov jablane, ki so bili odporni na bolezen jablanov škrlup (Venturia inaequalis). Jablanov škrlup, jablanova pepelovka (Podosphaera leucotricha) in hrušev ožig (Erwinia amylovora) so tri gospodarsko zelo pomembne bolezni jablane, saj povzročajo škodo in izgubo pridelka. Prav tako pa povzročajo zmanjšanje kakovosti pridelka, s pojavom bolezenskih znamenj. Zato se pri žlahtnjenju jablane prizadeva, da so sorte tolerantne oziroma odporne na pojav bolezni. S tem namenom se išče sorodnike, ki vsebujejo gene za odpornost jablane. Za jablanov škrlup so našli odpornost pri jablani Malus floribunda '812', ki vsebuje gen Rvi6. Iz te jablane je pridobila gen za odpornost sodobna sorta 'Topaz', ki se zaradi te lastnosti uspešno prideluje v sadovnjakih.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Jablana, odpornost na bolezni, žlahtnjenje jablane, izvor jablane, jablanov škrlup, jablanova pepelovka, hrušev ožig
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: BF - Biotechnical Faculty
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-140889
• COBISS.SI-ID: 125837059
• Publication date in RUL: 21.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The importance of wild relatives of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) originates from Central Asia. For its original ancestor it was found to be Malus sieversii. Breeding of apple began in Europe, when it moved from Central Asia to Europe, via Silk Road. In 1800, T. A. Knight was the first one to practice intentional breeding of apple. Later, the breeding program of Purdue, Rutgers and Illinois universities had a great influence, as it was involved in the development of apple genotypes that were resistant to apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Apple scab, powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) are three economically very important diseases of the apple, as they cause damage and loss of yield. They also cause a decrease in the quality of the crop, with the appearance of disease symptoms. Therefore, when breeding apple, efforts are made to ensure that the cultivars are tolerant or resistant to the occurrence of diseases. To this end, relatives that contain genes for apple resistance are being sought. Resistance to apple scab was found in the apple Malus floribunda '812', which contains the Rvi6 gene. This apple is also the source of the resistance gene in the modern cultivar 'Topaz', which is widespread in orchards because of this feature.

• Keywords: Apple, apple breeding disease resistance, the origin of apple, apple scab, powdery mildew, fire blight