Beseda oltar od latinščine do romanskih jezikov

Skubic, Meta (author), Šega, Agata (mentor), Hriberšek, Matej (mentor)

V nalogi je podana analiza besede oltar (altare) v latinščini in vseh romanskih jezikih. Najprej je obravnavana pomenska razlika med različnimi besedami za oltar, ki obstajajo v latinščini (poleg altare tudi ara in focus), predstavljena je etimologija besede altare v latinščini in njen razvoj od indoevropskega prajezika, nato pa je beseda v okviru latinščine tudi morfološko analizirana. Ker se je beseda altare od svojih prvih pojavitev v rimski literaturi najprej uporabljala v množini, šele od 2. stoletja našega štetja naprej pa tudi v ednini, so predstavljene vse pojavitve te besede v latinskih literarnih besedilih, tako v prozi kot v poeziji (v liriki in epiki), skozi skoraj vsa obdobja rimske književnosti, od arhaične dobe preko klasične in cesarske dobe do pozne antike. V drugem delu naloge se posvetimo projektu novega etimološkega slovarja romanskih jezikov: Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman – DÉRom. Naloga najprej izpostavi problematiko uporabe izraza vulgarna latinščina za skupnega prednika vseh romanskih jezikov, predstavi nekaj različnih teorij, kaj naj bi vulgarna latinščina sploh bila, in namesto nje predlaga izraz praromanščina (fr. protoroman), kot je trenutno tendenca v romanskem jezikoslovju. Nato opiše projekt DÉRom in posebno pozornost posveti metodi, ki se jo pri projektu uporablja za etimološke raziskave – primerjalni metodi. Ta je tesno povezana s samim izrazom praromanščina, ki ga uporabljamo za opis jezik, iz katerega izhajajo vsi romanski jeziki in do rekonstrukcije katerega lahko pridemo s pomočjo te metode. Naloga predstavi tudi kritike primerjalne metode s poudarkom na nestrinjanju med italijanskim romanistom Albertom Vàrvarom in glavnima pobudnikoma projekta DÉRom. Sledi opis metodologije izdelave slovarskega gesla, prevod slovarskega gesla in kratka analiza oblik za besedo oltar, ki jih najdemo v vseh sodobnih romanskih jezikih. Na koncu se naloga na kratko posveti še slovenski besedi oltar, ki jo je slovenščina prav tako prevzela iz romanskih jezikov.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: etimologija, romansko primerjalno jezikoslovje, oltar, vulgarna latinščina
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FF - Faculty of Arts
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-140679
• Publication date in RUL: 17.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The word altar from Latin to Romance languages

Abstract

The master's thesis presents an analysis of the word altar (altare) in Latin and all Romance languages. First, we explore the difference in meaning between the various words for altar that exist in Latin (apart from altare, there also appear the words ara and focus), present the etymology of the Latin word altare and its developpement from Proto-Indo-European and we provide a morphological analysis of the word in Latin. Because the word altare was only used in the plural when it first appeared in Latin literature and occured in the singular for the first time only in the 2nd century AD, we present every occurrence of the word in Latin prose and poetry literary texts, both lyric and epic, over almost every period of Roman literature, from the Archaic, Classical and Imperial Periods, and up until the late antiquity. In the second part of the thesis we focus on the new etymological dictionary of Romance languages, Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman – DÉRom. First, we stress the problem of using the term Vulgar Latin as a description of the common ancestor of Romance languages, present some theories on what Vulgar Latin is even supposed to be, and suggest instead the term Proto-romance, which is gaining traction in Romance linguistics. Then we focus on the project and pay special attention to the method used for the etymological research in the project – the comparative method. This method is closely tied to the term Proto-Romance since we use it to describe the common ancestor of all Romance languages, reconstructed through its application. We also highlight some criticism that the method has, especially the disagreement between the Italian Romance linguist Alberto Vàrvaro and the initiators of the DÉRom project. Then we describe the methodology of the redaction of a dictionary article in general, as well as a translation of the dictionary article for altar in slovene and provide a short analysis of the words translating to altar in all Romance languages. Finally, we briefly focus on the Slovene word oltar, borrowed from Romance languages as well.

• Keywords: etymology, comparative Romance linguistics, altar, Vulgar Latin