(NE)DOPUSTNOST OMEJEVANJA ČLOVEKOVIH PRAVIC V ČASU EPIDEMIJE

Vivod, Aleš (author), Cerar, Miroslav (mentor)

Ustava Republike Slovenije zavezuje državno oblast, da v primeru pojava nalezljive bolezni ustrezno zavaruje zdravje in življenje ljudi. Za izpolnjevanje ustavne dolžnosti ji omogoča omejitev človekovih pravic, pri čemer ji za dopustnost omejevanja predpisuje upoštevanje različnih načel in pravil. V prvi vrste gre za temeljna načela, kot so načelo ustavnosti, načelo zakonitosti in načelo delitve oblasti. V zvezi z načelom zakonitosti je pomembno ustavno pravilo, po katerem se pravice in obveznosti določa samo z zakonom. O pomembnosti zakona, v navezavi z omejevanje človekovih pravic, dodatno pričajo ustavne določbe, skladno s katerimi je določitev načina uresničevanja človekovih pravic možna samo z zakonom, ali pa o omejevanju človekovih pravic v vojnem in izrednem stanju odloča zakonodajalec. Omejevanje človekovih pravic je tako možno zgolj z zakoni, vendar je kljub temu treba upoštevati poseben položaj epidemije. Ker se okoliščine, ki so pomembne za sprejem ukrepov, lahko hitro spreminjajo, je v tovrstnih razmerah izjemoma dopustno prepustiti sprejem omejevalnih ukrepov izvršilni veji oblasti, vendar ji mora zakonodajalec za takšno urejanje človekovih pravic določiti natančna merila (npr. v obliki pogojev, načinov in obsega omejevanja). Na tem mestu je pomembna prva modaliteta načela zakonitosti, ki zahteva, da morajo podzakonski akti temeljiti na dovolj določni zakonski podlagi, ki jo je treba razlagati v povezavi z načelom pravne države, skladno s katerim mora biti zakonska ureditev toliko določnejša, kolikor močnejši je poseg zakona v človekove pravice. Za dopustnost omejevanja človekovih pravic je nadaljnjo treba upoštevati načelo sorazmernosti, skladno s katerim morajo biti omejitve primerne, nujne in sorazmerne, ter omejitvene klavzule, ki vsebujejo podrobnejša pravila za posege v polje človekovih pravic.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: omejevanje človekovih pravic, epidemija, omejitvene klavzule, pravna država, načelo zakonitosti
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-139422
• COBISS.SI-ID: 121722883
• Publication date in RUL: 02.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: (IN)ADMISSIBILITY OF LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIMES OF AN EPIDEMIC

Abstract

The constitution of Republic of Slovenia binds the state authority to adequately protect human health and life in case of an infectious disease. The constitutional framework allows it to limit human rights in order to fulfill its constitutional duty, but for the admissibility of limitations it prescribes the observance of various principles and rules. These are primarily fundamental principles, like the principle of constitutionality, the principle of legality and the principle of separation of powers. In relation to the principle of legality an important constitutional rule is that rights and obligations are determined only with a legislative act. The importance of a legislative act in connection to litimations of human rights is further evidenced by constitutional provisions according to which the determination of the realization of human rights is possible only with a legislative act or the legislative body is competent to decide about the limitations of human rights in times of war and state of emergency. Limiting human rights is therefore possible only with a legislative act, but it is necessary to take into account the special situation of an epidemic. Since the circumstances that are important for the adoption of limitation measures can change rapidly, it is exceptionally permissible to leave the adoption of such measures to the executive body, but the legislator must set precise criteria for such regulation of human rights (for example in forms of condititons, methods and the scope of limitations). At this point the first modality of the principle of legality is important, which requires that acts of the executive body must be based on a sufficently specified basis and it must be interpreted in connection with the principle of the rule of law, according to which the legislative act must be specified the more the stronger are the interventions into the fields of human rights. For the admissibility of limitations it is furter necessary to respect the principle of proportionality, according to which the limitations must be suitable, necessary and proportional, and limitation clauses which containt more detailed rules for the interventions into fields of human rights.

• Keywords: limiting human rights, epidemic, limitation clauses, rule of law, principle of legality