Škodljivi učinki na zdravje pri kajenju elektronskih cigaret in "heat-not-burn" naprav: primerjava s klasičnimi cigaretami : magistrsko delo

Podobnik, Lucija (author), Poljšak, Borut (mentor), Bavcon Kralj, Mojca (comentor), Trebše, Polonca (reviewer)

Uvod: Kajenje tobačnih in povezanih izdelkov je eden izmed večjih svetovnih javnozdravstvenih problemov. Cigaretni dim vsebuje več tisoč kemikalij, med katerimi so mnoge zdravju škodljive. Tobačna industrija daje na trg vedno nove alternative klasičnim cigaretam, kot so e-cigarete in naprave »heat not burn« (HNB), ki naj bi bile zdravju manj škodljive od klasičnih cigaret. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je razviti metodo, ki omogoča primerjavo med organsko kemijsko sestavo cigaretnega dima, aerosola e-cigaret in hlapov naprave HBN ter izdelati toksikološki profil izbrane kemikalije. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda pregleda literature ter eksperimentalna metoda vzorčenja z ekstrakcijo tekoče – tekoče in mikroekstrakcijo na trdni nosilec (HS-SPME) ter analitska metoda plinske kromatografije z masnim spektrometrom (GC-MS). V zadnjem koraku je bila izdelana ocena vpliva izbrane kemikalije na zdravje. Rezultati: V vzorcih smo skupno identificirali 24 kemikalij, od katerih jih 5 uvrščamo med nevarne ali zdravju škodljive. Največ smo jih dokazali v dimu klasičnih cigaret, nekaj smo jih dokazali v pari naprave HNB. Nobene dokazano zdavju škodljive kemikalije pa nismo identificirali v aerosolu e-cigaret. Oceno vpliva na zdravje smo izdelali na primeru nikotina, ki smo ga največ izmerili v hlapih naprave HNB, in sicer 60 % več kot v vzorcih klasičnih cigaret. Na primeru nikotina smo izračunali, da povprečni slovenski kadilec za 43 % preseže varen vnos nikotina, če uporablja enake klasične cigarete, kot so bile uporabljene v raziskavi. Uporabnik naprave HNB pa varno dozo nikotina preseže za 275 %, če uporablja enake palčke za segrevanje, kot so bile uporabljene v raziskavi. Ob tem izpostavljamo, da bi bil rezultat lahko drugačen, v kolikor bi uporabili katero drugo znamko cigaret, saj se po vsebnosti nikotina med seboj močno razlikujejo. Razprava in zaključek: Tekom izvedbe raziskave smo potrdili obe zastavljeni hipotezi, saj smo dokazali razliko med kemijsko sestavo cigaretnega dima, aerosola e-cigarete in hlapov naprave HNB. Prav tako smo dokazali, da je lahko uporabnik ene in druge alernativne metode izpostavljen višjim koncentracijam nekaterih snovi kot kadilec klasičnih cigaret, vendar to ne velja za vse primere. Identificirali smo tudi mnoge spojine, za katere trenutno primanjkuje toksikoloških podatkov. V slednjem vidimo številne možnosti za nadaljnje preučevanje obravnavane tematike.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: magistrska dela, sanitarno inženirstvo, kajenje, klasične cigarete, e-cigarete, naprave »heat-not-burn«, nikotin, ocena vpliva na zdravje
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [L. Podobnik]
• Year: 2022
• Number of pages: 55 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-137997
• UDC: 614
• COBISS.SI-ID: 114409219
• Publication date in RUL: 07.07.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Adverse health effects of smoking electronic cigarettes and "heat-not-burn" devices: comparison with conventional cigarettes : master thesis

Abstract

Introduction: Smoking tobacco and related products is one of the world's major public health problems. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are harmful to health. The tobacco industry is constantly launching new alternatives to classic cigarettes, such as e-cigarettes and the heat-not-burn (HNB) devices, which are said to be less harmful to health. Purpose: The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a method that allows a comparison between the organic chemical composition of cigarette smoke, e-cigarette's aerosol and aerosol of HBN device and to create a toxicological profile of the selected chemical. Methods: The descriptive method and the experimental sampling method with liquid-liquid extraction and headspace-solidphase microextraction (HS-SPME) and the gas chromatograpy-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analytical method were used. In the last step, an assessment of the impact of the selected chemical on health was made. Results: A total of 24 chemicals were identified in the samples, of which 5 are classified as hazardous or harmful to health. Most of them were found in classic cigarette smoke and some of them in the vapor of the HNB device. However, we have not identified any proven harmful chemicals in the e-cigarette aerosol. The health impact assessment was performed on the case of nicotine, which was mostly measured in the samples of the HNB device aerosol, namely 60% more than in the samples of conventional cigarette smoke. In the case of nicotine, we calculated that the average Slovenian smoker exceeds the safe nicotine intake by 43% if he uses the same classic cigarettes as used in the study. However, the user of the HNB device exceeds the safe dose of nicotine by 275% if when using the same heating sticks as used in the study. We point out that the result applies exclusively to the products used and could be different if we used another brand of cigarettes, as they differ greatly in nicotine content. Discussion and conclusion: During the research, we confirmed both hypotheses, as we proved the difference between the chemical composition of cigarette smoke, e-cigarette's aerosol and HNB vapor. We have also shown that the user of both alternative methods can be exposed to higher concentrations of certain substances than a smoker of classic cigarettes, but this it can't be aplied to all cases. We have also identified many compounds for which toxicological data are currently lacking. In the latter, we see many possibilities for further study of the topic.

• Keywords: master's theses, sanitary engineering, smoking, classic cigarettes, e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn devices, nicotine, health impact assessment