Začetki fizike kot moderne znanosti v Evropi v 16. in 17. stoletju : diplomsko delo

Zadnik, Matjaž (avtor), Štuhec, Marko (mentor)

Pri diplomski nalogi smo sledili oblikovanju fizike v smeri moderne znanstvene discipline v (Zahodni) Evropi v 16. in 17. stol. V tem času in prostoru je zgodnjenovoveška naravoslovna znanost, ki jo zgodovinarji najraje izvorno imenujejo naravna filozofija, doživela temeljito prenovo. Spremembe v znanstveni vednosti, znanstveni metodi, institucionalni organizaciji in družbeni vlogi znanosti so bile tolikšne, da nekateri celoten proces imenujejo znanstvena revolucija. Bistveno se je spremenil pogled na fizični svet; vesolje je iz omejenega postalo neskončno, iz nespremenljivega spremenljivo, Zemlja ni bila več posebna entiteta v središču vesolja, temveč so ugotovili, da se po naravi ne razlikuje od ostalih planetov in da se giblje. Kot vodilna znanstvena paradigma je mehanična filozofija čedalje bolj nadomeščala Aristotelovo in okultno filozofijo, tako se je postopoma umikal antropocentrični pogled na naravo. Velik napredek je zato doživela tudi vednost o zemeljski fiziki in ne le astronomija. Odkrili so npr. vakuum in Zemljino magnetno polje, razložili osnovne tlačne lastnosti kapljevin, zelo se je razvila optika … Največji dosežek pa je zagotovo bilo osnovanje Newtonove mehanike, ki je kot prva na enoten način pojasnjevala naravne zakone na Zemlji in v vesolju ter zato danes velja za prvo fizikalno teorijo. Prevrednotenje tehnike v tedanji miselnosti in vzpostavitev javne vednosti kot vrednote sta bila pogoja za utemeljitev eksperimentalne metode in povečanja kritičnosti do ustaljenih resnic. Modernizacije znanstvene metode si ne moremo predstavljati niti brez razvoja in uporabe nove matematike. Vse opisane spremembe so za svojo uveljavitev potrebovale nekoliko drugačno družbeno okolje, zato so nove znanstvene akademije v 17. stol. prevzemale vse pomembnejšo institucionalno vlogo od univerz. Kljub radikalnim premikom v znanosti nas pri uporabi besede revolucija vseeno ne sme preveč zanesti, saj znanstveni razvoj ni bil toliko hiter niti premočrten, pomembni prelomi so bili pogosteje posledica prevrednotenja obstoječih idej kot izmišljanja popolnoma novih.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: naravna filozofija, fizika, znanstvena revolucija, Evropa, 16./17. stoletje
• Vrsta gradiva: Diplomsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.11 - Diplomsko delo
• Organizacija: FF - Filozofska fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Izola
• Založnik: [M. Zadnik]
• Leto izida: 2022
• Št. strani: 60 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-137305
• UDK: 53(091)(4)\"15/16\"
• COBISS.SI-ID: 117448963
• Datum objave v RUL: 10.06.2022

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Origins of Physics as a Modern Science in Europe in 16th and 17th Centuries

Izvleček

In the diploma thesis we have described, how physics began shaping up as a modern scientific discipline in (Western) Europe in 16th and 17th centuries. In this place and timespan were early modern natural sciences, usually known by modern historians by their original and collective name natural philosophy, thoroughly rebuilt. Changes in scientific knowledge, scientific method, institutional organisation and in social role of science were so significant, that some historians label the whole process scientific revolution. The view on the physical world changed significantly; universe was no longer unchangeable and confined yet infinite and changing, Earth was no longer a special entity in centre of the universe, however, earthly revolutions and its similarity to other planets were discovered. Mechanical philosophy was replacing Aristotelianism and Occult philosophy as a leading scientific paradigm, therefore was antrophocentric worldview ever more on a retreat. This prompted not only significant progress in astronomy but in knowledge of earthly physics also. There was, for example, a discovery of vacuum and earthly magnetism, basic mechanism of pressure in liquids was explained, optics advanced greatly … The biggest achievement was without any doubt the development of Newton's mechanics, which uniformly explained natural laws on Earth and in the universe for the first time and is thus known today as the first theory in physics. Reevaluation of mechanical knowledge and establishment of non-hermetic knowledge as a standard were both prerequisites for development of experimental method and for increased scepticism towards established facts. Moreover, modernisation of scientific method cannot be imagined without development and use of new mathematics. A different social environment was needed for all beforementioned changes to take place, therefore in the 17th century new scientific academies were replacing universities as leading institutions. Even though there were some groundbraeking changes taking place in science, we should be careful while using the word revolution, because the scientific development was not that fast nor linear, 'new discoveries' were more often a result of recontextualisation of existing ideas rather than invention of completely new ones.

• Ključne besede: natural philosophy, physics, scientific revolution, Europe, 16th/17th century