Sex-related differences in cardiovascular disease risk profile in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Šmigoc Schweiger, Darja (author), Battelino, Tadej (author), Grošelj, Urh (author)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of higher and earlier morbidity and mortality in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to people without diabetes. In addition, women with T1D are at an even higher relative risk for CVD than men. However, the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. Atherosclerotic changes are known to progress early in life among people with T1D, yet it is less clear when excess CVD risk begins in females with T1D. This review explores the prevalence of classical CVD risk factors (such as glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, albuminuria, smoking, diet, physical inactivity), as well as of novel biomarkers (such as chronic inflammation), in children and adolescents with T1D with particular regard to sex-related differences in risk profile. We also summarize gaps where further research and clearer clinical guidance are needed to better address this issue. Considering that girls with T1D might have a more adverse CVD risk profile than boys, the early identification of and sex-specific intervention in T1D would have the potential to reduce later CVD morbidity and excess mortality in females with T1D. To conclude, based on an extensive review of the existing literature, we found a clear difference between boys and girls with T1D in the presence of individual CVD risk factors as well as in overall CVD risk profiles; the girls were on the whole more impacted.

• Language: English
• Keywords: sex, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, type 1 diabetes, children, adolescents, blood pressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, smoking
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.02 - Review Article
• Organization: MF - Faculty of Medicine
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2021
• Number of pages: 29 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 22, iss. 19, art. 10192
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-136338
• UDC: 616.379
• ISSN on article: 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910192
• COBISS.SI-ID: 77665795
• Publication date in RUL: 25.04.2022

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: International journal of molecular sciences
• Shortened title: Int. j. mol. sci.
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 1422-0067
• COBISS.SI-ID: 2779162

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 01.10.2021

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: spol, tveganje za srčno-žilna obolenja, sladkorna bolezen tipa 1, otroci, mladostniki, krvni tlak, hiperglikemija, dislipidemija, kajenje, infekcijske bolezni

Projects

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: P3-0343
• Name: Etiologija, zgodnje odkrivanje in zdravljenje bolezni pri otrocih in mladostnikih

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: J3-2536
• Name: Ugotavljanje genetskih vzrokov dislipidemij pri otrocih in mladostnikih ter njihovo zgodnje odkrivanje s populacijskim presejanjem