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Perspectives of microscopy methods for morphology characterisation of extracellular vesicles from human biofluids
ID
Malenica, Mladenka
(
Author
),
ID
Wechtersbach, Karmen
(
Author
),
ID
Kojc, Nika
(
Author
), et al.
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MD5: A78E92DB0C9FE3F110E122233D0EE6AA
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https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/6/603
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric membranous structures secreted from almost every cell and present in biofluids. Because EV composition reflects the state of its parental tissue, EVs possess an enormous diagnostic/prognostic potential to reveal pathophysiological conditions. However, a prerequisite for such usage of EVs is their detailed characterisation, including visualisation which is mainly achieved by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron microscopy (EM). Here we summarise the EV preparation protocols for AFM and EM bringing out the main challenges in the imaging of EVs, both in their natural environment as biofluid constituents and in a saline solution after EV isolation. In addition, we discuss approaches for EV imaging and identify the potential benefits and disadvantages when different AFM and EM methods are applied, including numerous factors that influence the morphological characterisation, standardisation, or formation of artefacts. We also demonstrate the effects of some of these factors by using cerebrospinal fluid as an example of human biofluid with a simpler composition. Here presented comparison of approaches to EV imaging should help to estimate the current state in morphology research of EVs from human biofluids and to identify the most efficient pathways towards the standardisation of sample preparation and microscopy modes.
Language:
English
Keywords:
extracellular vesicles
,
human biofluids
,
nanotechnology
,
atomic force microscopy
,
electron microscopy
,
morphology
Work type:
Article
Typology:
1.02 - Review Article
Organization:
MF - Faculty of Medicine
Publication status:
Published
Publication version:
Version of Record
Year:
2021
Number of pages:
29 str.
Numbering:
Vol. 9, iss. 6, art. 603
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-135645
UDC:
54
ISSN on article:
2227-9059
DOI:
10.3390/biomedicines9060603
COBISS.SI-ID:
64802819
Publication date in RUL:
23.03.2022
Views:
878
Downloads:
89
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Record is a part of a journal
Title:
Biomedicines
Shortened title:
Biomedicines
Publisher:
MDPI AG
ISSN:
2227-9059
COBISS.SI-ID:
523006745
Licences
License:
CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:
This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Licensing start date:
01.06.2021
Projects
Funder:
EC - European Commission
Funding programme:
H2020
Project number:
654360
Name:
Nanoscience foundries and fine analysis - Europe
Acronym:
NFFA-Europe
Funder:
HRZZ - Croatian Science Foundation
Project number:
IP-2019-04-1511
Funder:
Other - Other funder or multiple funders
Funding programme:
University of Rijeka
Project number:
uniri-biomed-18-279
Funder:
Other - Other funder or multiple funders
Funding programme:
University of Rijeka
Project number:
uniri-biomed-18-5
Funder:
Other - Other funder or multiple funders
Funding programme:
University of Rijeka
Project number:
uniri-tehnik-18-294
Funder:
EC - European Commission
Funding programme:
European Regional Development Fund
Name:
Research Infrastructure for Campus-based Laboratories at the University of Rijeka
Funder:
MZOS - Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia
Project number:
RC.2.2.06-0001
Name:
Research Infrastructure for Campus-based Laboratories at the University of Rijeka
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P2-0091
Name:
Sodobni anorganski materiali in nanotehnologije
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
N2-0150
Name:
Elektrostimulatorji z vizualno detekcijo mehanske deformacije in napetosti: inovativni piezoelektrični biomateriali za elektro-stimulirano celično rast
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