Vloga sistema zavor in ravnovesij v Združenih državah Amerike pri spoštovanju pravic ujetnikov v Guantánamu : doktorska disertacija

Porčnik, Tanja (author), Ferfila, Bogomil (mentor), Novak, Meta (comentor)

Ustavna demokracija temelji na načelu omejitve oblasti, kjer je delovanje državnih organov ustavnopravno omejeno s ciljem učinkovitejšega spoštovanja človekovih pravic in svoboščin. Čeprav je sistem omejitve oblasti vpet v različne in številne politične sisteme in ustavnopravne rede držav, ga znanstvena literatura proučuje v redkih primerih. Z namenom zapolnitve te vrzeli z interdisciplinarno doktorsko disertacijo podamo izvirni prispevek k znanstvenima disciplinama politologije in prava v dveh korakih. V prvem koraku s kvalitativno raziskovalno analizo v luči predhodne proučitve zgodovinskega razvoja politične ideje in ustavnopravnega načela omejitve oblasti oblikujemo teoretični model sistema omejitve oblasti in opredelimo njegovo tipologijo. Sistemu omejitve oblasti določimo tri razsežnosti (stvarno-vsebinsko, funkcionalno-organizacijsko in vrednostno-vsebinsko razsežnost) in pet ustavnih prvin (načelo taksativno določenih ustavnih pristojnosti oblasti, načelo razmejitve pristojnosti v zvezni državni ureditvi, načelo delitve oblasti, sistem zavor in ravnovesij ter ustavne pravice). Tipologijo sistema omejitve oblasti opredelimo tako na ravni omejitve oblasti kot tudi na ravni prvin sistema omejitve oblasti, pri čemer na obeh ravneh izpeljemo relacijsko in obsežnostno tipologijo. V drugem koraku z združeno oziroma kombinirano raziskovalno analizo empirično proučujemo vlogo delovanja ustavnega sistema zavor in ravnovesij v Združenih državah Amerike kot prvine sistema omejitve oblasti pri učinkovitejšem spoštovanju pravic ujetnikov v Guantánamu med letoma 2001 in 2020. Tem domnevnih mednarodnih teroristov ob premestitvi v taborišče v zalivu Guantánamo ameriška izvršilna oblast v sklopu tako imenovane vojne proti terorizmu, s katero so Združene države Amerike odgovorile na teroristični napad 11. septembra 2001, ni procesno uresničevala njihovih pravic. Ugotovimo lahko, da je imel sistem zavor in ravnovesij v proučevanem obdobju pozitivno vlogo pri obsegu formalnopravnega varstva in procesnega uresničevanja pravice ujetnikov v Guantánamu do sodnega nadzora zakonitosti odvzema prostosti in pravice do človečnega ravnanja, negativno vlogo pa pri obsegu formalnopravnega varstva in procesnega uresničevanja njihove pravice do dolžnega pravnega ravnanja in pravice do osebne svobode.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: politologija prava, ustavna demokracija, konstitucionalizem, ustava, omejitev oblasti, zavore in ravnovesja, ZDA, terorizem, vojna proti terorizmu, človekove pravice, ujetniki, vojaške komisije, Guantánamo
• Work type: Doctoral dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: FDV - Faculty of Social Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [T. Porčnik]
• Year: 2022
• Number of pages: 345 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-135357
• UDC: 342.7(73)(043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 100520195
• Publication date in RUL: 09.03.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The Role of the System of Checks and Balances in the United States of America in Safeguarding Guantánamo Detainees' Rights

Abstract

Constitutional democracy is based on the doctrine of limited government, whereby the functioning of state authorities is constitutionally constrained with the aim of better effectuating human rights and freedoms. While the system of limited government is embedded in the various and numerous political systems and constitutional frameworks of states, the scientific literature seldom studies it. The present interdisciplinary dissertation closes this gap with its original contribution to the scientific disciplines of political science and legal science in two phases. The first involves the use of a qualitative research approach to devise a theoretical model of the system of limited government and its typology in light of a preceding study of the historical development of the political idea and constitutional principle of limited government. The system of limited government is defined along three dimensions (material-substantive, functional-structural, and value-substantive) and comprises five constitutional institutes (enumerated powers, federalism, separation of powers, system of checks and balances, and constitutional rights). The typology of the system of limited government is delineated both at the level of the limited government and at the level of the institutes of the system of limited power, whereby we derive a relation-based and extent-based typology at both levels. In the second phase, the dissertation employs a mixed-methods research approach to empirically examine the role of the constitutional system of checks and balances in the United States, as an element of the system of limited government in better safeguarding the rights of Guantánamo detainees between 2001 and 2020. In transferring these alleged international terrorists to the Guantánamo Bay detention camp as part of the so-called ‘War on Terror’ that the United States initiated in response to the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, the U.S. executive branch failed to respect their human rights. We may conclude that the system of checks and balances had a positive role in determining the scope of the legal protection of and procedural respect for the right of Guantánamo prisoners to habeas corpus and to humane treatment, while this same system had a negative impact on the scope of the legal protection of and procedural respect for their right to due process and to freedom.

• Keywords: law and political science, constitutional democracy, constitutionalism, constitution, limited government, checks and balances, United States, terrorism, War on Terror, human rights, detainees, military commissions, Guantánamo