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Biogeography, macroevolutionary patterns and population genetics in golden orbweaver spiders (Nephilidae) : doctoral dissertation
ID Turk, Eva (Author), ID Kralj Fišer, Simona (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window, ID Kuntner, Matjaž (Co-mentor)

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Abstract
Golden orbweavers (Nephilidae) are a conspicuous family of spiders, recognized for their extreme sexual size dimorphism, web gigantism and other curious features. In four chapters, we explore their historical biogeography, diversification dynamics and genetic and geographical structuring at the population level using a variety of statistical and molecular approaches. In the first chapter, we combine an original species phylogeny of golden orbweavers with data on extant species distribution and estimates of dispersal probabilities among geographical areas to reconstruct the geographical origin and subsequent dispersal routes of the clade. We develop and employ a novel method of dispersal probability attribution, adding precision to the analysis and increasing reconstruction credibility. We find support for an Indomalayan and/or Australasian geographical origin of nephilids. In the second chapter, we infer the dynamics of two main macroevolutionary processes, speciation and extinction, in the nephilid phylogeny and detect heterogeneity in both. We test two environmental and two organismal factors for correlation with diversification, but find none. In the third chapter, we further develop biogeographical reconstruction methodology on coin spiders (genus Herennia), whose dispersal biology is largely unknown. We test two models assuming different main dispersal methods, and find the ballooning dispersal model more parsimonious than the slow stochastic “walking” dispersal model. The analyses also reveal the wide distribution of H. multipuncta is not human-driven in origin, but natural. The fourth chapter compares population genetic and geographic structuring in two golden orbweaver species with markedly different life histories. Populations of both species show genetic structure, but no geographical structure, implying strong gene flow among them.

Language:English
Keywords:biogeography, speciation, extinction, population genetics, Nephilidae
Work type:Doctoral dissertation
Typology:2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization:BF - Biotechnical Faculty
Year:2022
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-135004 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:98369539 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:17.02.2022
Views:735
Downloads:309
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Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Title:Biogeografija, makroevolucijski vzorci in populacijska genetika pri pajkih zlatih mrežarjih (Nephilidae) : doktorska disertacija
Abstract:
Zlati mrežarji (Nephilidae) so družina pajkov, znani po ekstremnem spolnem dimorfizmu, gigantizmu mrež in drugih nenavadnih lastnostih. V štirih poglavjih z naborom statističnih in molekularnih metod raziščemo njihovo biogeografsko zgodovino, dinamiko diverzifikacije ter genetsko in geografsko strukturiranost na nivoju populacij. V prvem poglavju združimo originalno vrstno filogenijo zlatih mrežarjev s podatki o današnji distribuciji vrst in ocenami verjetnosti disperzije med geografskimi regijami, in rekonstruiramo njihov geografski izvor in poti razširjanja. Pri tem razvijemo in uporabimo novo metodo ocenjevanja verjetnosti disperzije, ki izboljša natančnost analize in poveča verodostojnost rekonstrukcije. Naši rezultati podprejo Indomalajo in/ali Avstralazijo kot najverjetnejšo izvorno geografsko regijo zlatih mrežarjev. V drugem poglavju analiziramo dinamiko dveh glavnih makroevolucijskih procesov, speciacije in izumiranja, na filogeniji zlatih mrežarjev in zaznamo heterogenost v obeh. Dva okoljska in dva organizemska dejavnika testiramo za korelacijo z diverzifikacijo, a je ne najdemo pri nobenem dejavniku. V tretjem poglavju nadalje razvijamo metodologijo biogeografskih rekonstrukcij na primeru rodu Herennia, čigar disperzijska biologija je večinoma nepoznana. Testiramo dva modela, ki predpostavljata različna glavna načina disperzije. Model, ki predpostavlja razširjanje z zračnimi tokovi kot glavni način disperzije se izkaže za bolj parsimoničnega od modela, ki predpostavlja počasno stohastično disperzijo z lazenjem. Analize pokažejo, da široka današnja razširjenost vrste H. multipuncta ni posledica človekove aktivnosti, temveč je naravnega izvora. Četrto poglavje primerja populacijsko genetsko in geografsko strukturiranost dveh vrst zlatih mrežarjev z različno t. i. življenjsko zgodovino (ang. life history). Populacije obeh vrst kažeta genetsko, a ne geografske strukturiranosti, kar kaže na močan genski pretok med njimi.

Keywords:biogeografija, speciacija, izumiranje, populacijska genetika, Nephilidae

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