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Development of Indentation In-Situ in a Scanning Electron Microscope to Probe Mechanical Property Evolution of Hard Carbons for Sodium-Ion Batteries.
ID Igbaroola, Boluwatife (Author), ID Dominko, Robert (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window

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Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been studied as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the abundance of sodium in the earth’s crust and its lower cost. Hard carbons (HC) are non-graphitizable carbons and have proven to be the best anode materials for SIBs in terms of insertion chemistry and specific electrochemical capacity (300 mAh.g-1 and beyond). These carbon materials can be synthesized from very diverse precursors and depending on their synthesis route, their mechanical properties differ inducing different behaviors during the electrode formulation and electrochemical cycling. The impact of the mechanical properties (particularly hardness) of these carbon materials on their electrochemical properties is very poorly reported in the literature. This work developed an indentation in-situ in a scanning electron microscope using a micromanipulator and associated force measurement tips to determine the mechanical properties of carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The results showed that graphitizable carbons are generally softer than hard carbons. Sucrose-derived HC proved to be harder than hard carbon synthesized from pitch while also showing a better specific capacity than the latter. Upon sodiation (i.e. discharge down to 0 V vs. Na+/ Na), graphitizable carbons showed an increased hardness while the hard carbons showed a reduction in their mechanical property with a decrease of around 33% in their hardness. However, a commercially available HC showed a different result when compared to the lab-synthesized HCs, exhibiting a lower hardness while also having an increasing hardness upon sodiation. These anomalous results are not understood yet but they could be attributed to the unknown synthesis route of the commercial HC.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:energy storage, Na-ion battery, hard carbon, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, hardness, mechanical property, in-situ SEM indentation.
Work type:Master's thesis/paper
Organization:FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Year:2021
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-133338 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:23.11.2021
Views:723
Downloads:81
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Development of Indentation In-Situ in a Scanning Electron Microscope to Probe Mechanical Property Evolution of Hard Carbons for Sodium-Ion Batteries.
Abstract:
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been studied as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the abundance of sodium in the earth’s crust and its lower cost. Hard carbons (HC) are non-graphitizable carbons and have proven to be the best anode materials for SIBs in terms of insertion chemistry and specific electrochemical capacity (300 mAh.g-1 and beyond). These carbon materials can be synthesized from very diverse precursors and depending on their synthesis route, their mechanical properties differ inducing different behaviors during the electrode formulation and electrochemical cycling. The impact of the mechanical properties (particularly hardness) of these carbon materials on their electrochemical properties is very poorly reported in the literature. This work developed an indentation in-situ in a scanning electron microscope using a micromanipulator and associated force measurement tips to determine the mechanical properties of carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The results showed that graphitizable carbons are generally softer than hard carbons. Sucrose-derived HC proved to be harder than hard carbon synthesized from pitch while also showing a better specific capacity than the latter. Upon sodiation (i.e. discharge down to 0 V vs. Na+/ Na), graphitizable carbons showed an increased hardness while the hard carbons showed a reduction in their mechanical property with a decrease of around 33% in their hardness. However, a commercially available HC showed a different result when compared to the lab-synthesized HCs, exhibiting a lower hardness while also having an increasing hardness upon sodiation. These anomalous results are not understood yet but they could be attributed to the unknown synthesis route of the commercial HC.

Keywords:energy storage, Na-ion battery, hard carbon, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, hardness, mechanical property, in-situ SEM indentation.

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