Gut microbiota-brain axis is a two-way connection between the gut microbiota and the brain. This connection includes gut microbiota and its metabolites, enteric nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, nervous-immune system, neuroendocrine system, and central nervous system. Many factors contribute to the composition of gut microbiota, and one of the main ones is primarily our diet. With different types of diets that include or exclude the consumption of certain food groups, we can strongly influence the composition of the microbiota. As a result, it can occur intestinal dysbiosis or altered bacterial composition of the intestine. In recent years, the so-called standard american diet, rich in sugar, salt, saturated and trans fatty acids, has become established. Standard american diet is generally considered to be one of the main contributing factors to obesity, cardiovascular and other chronic non-communicable diseases. The Mediterranean diet has proven to be the most effective diet for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. More and more research into the connection between the intestinal microbiota and the brain is focusing on research into how diet could have a positive effect on various mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The obesity-related microbiota affects the host’s appetite, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat composition. The mechanisms of regulating metabolism, homeostasis, energy balance and fat storage thus play an important role in the development of obesity and excessive body weight.
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