Funkcionalno slikanje možganov z magnetno resonanco : diplomsko delo

Belšak, Sara (author), Oletič, Diana (author), Podobnik, Janez (mentor), Robida, Tina (comentor), Mekiš, Nejc (reviewer)

Uvod: Človeški možgani predstavljajo najpomembnejši in hkrati najbolj skrivnosten organ v telesu. Možgani izvršujejo ogromno različnih nalog in glede na posamezne funkcije, jih je moč razdeliti na več možganskih regij. Eno izmed glavnih orodij za prikaz aktivnosti v določenem delu možganov je funkcionalno slikanje z magnetno resonanco. fMRI se opira na znanje, da aktiven del možganov porabi več kisika, s čimer se pretok krvi poveča, kar pa se lahko s pomočjo kontrasta BOLD tudi prikaže. Signal BOLD je odvisen od deleža kisika v krvi in meri razlike med tkivi ter spremembe krvnega pretoka. Kot rezultat je MR signal v aktivnih predelih možganov večji in nekoliko svetlejši na T2* obteženih slikah. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi sistematičnega pregleda literature določiti možganska središča predvsem za osnovna čutila človeškega telesa, motoriko in nekatere osnovne življenjske potrebe s podatki, pridobljenimi s fMRI. Metode dela: Kot metode dela navajamo deskriptivno metodo in sistematičen pregled literature, kjer smo vključili le tiste članke, ki so ustrezali vnaprej zastavljenim vključitvenim faktorjem. Uporabili smo v celoti dostopna besedila, napisana v angleškem ali slovenskem jeziku, članke, ki obravnavajo človeka, možgane ter tematsko ustrezne članke, napisane med leti 2002 in 2020. Rezultati: Rezultate 15 ustreznih člankov smo tematsko razvrstili in predstavili v dveh tabelah. Prva tabela navaja podatke o avtorjih, letu izdaje članka, lastnosti vzorca oz. št. udeležencev, opazovanem področju in nalogi udeležencev raziskave. Druga pa zajema ključne ugotovitve člankov iz prejšnje tabele. Razprava in zaključek: S sistematičnim pregledom literature smo uspeli ugotoviti, da se centri za čutila nahajajo na posameznih možganskih skorjah. Vidni korteks vglavnem pokriva zatilni reženj in se deli na primarno vidno skorjo V1 ter na ekstratriatno vidno skorjo (V2, V3, V4, V5). Auditorni korteks pri nastanku zvoka sodeluje z Wernicksovim in Brocanovim območjem ter z nekaterimi girusi in sulkusi v temporalnem režnju, gustatorno skorjo pa sestavljata sprednji del insule in inferiorni frontalni girus.Za govor je ključno območje Brocanovega področja, motorični gibi pa aktivirajo primarni in sekundarni senzorični korteks. Središča za čustva je mogoče najti v področju amigdale in bazalnih ganglijev. Amigdala se poleg S1, S2 in ACC aktivira tudi pri bolečini in skupaj tvorijo »matrico bolečine«. Menimo, da smo z diplomskim delom uspeli ovrednotiti pomen funkcionalne magnetne resonancein predstavili poglavitne možganske regije.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: diplomska dela, radiološka tehnologija, fMRI, možgani, možgansko kartografiranje, možganske regije, BOLD, nevroni
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [S. Belšak, D. Oletič]
• Year: 2021
• Number of pages: 37, [4] str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-129588
• UDC: 616-07
• COBISS.SI-ID: 76725251
• Publication date in RUL: 05.09.2021

BELŠAK, Sara and OLETIČ, Diana, 2021, Funkcionalno slikanje možganov z magnetno resonanco : diplomsko delo [online]. Bachelor’s thesis. Ljubljana : S. Belšak, D. Oletič. [Accessed 23 April 2025]. Retrieved from: https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?lang=eng&id=129588

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain : diploma work

Abstract

Introduction: The human brain is the most important and the most mysterious organ in the body. The brain executes a huge variety of orders in terms of individual functions, which can be divided into several possible regions. One of the main tools for displaying activity in a particular part of the brain is functional magnetic resonance imaging. fMRI is based on the knowledge, that the active part of the brain consumes more oxygen, which increases blood flow, which can also be shown with the help of BOLD contrast. The BOLD signal depends on the proportion of oxygen in the blood and measures the differences between tissues and changes in blood flow. As a result, the MR signal in the active anterior brain is higher and brighter on T2 * weighted images. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the brain centers for the basic senses of the human body, motor skills and some basic life needs, based on a systematic review of the literature, with data obtained by fMRI. Methods: We used a descriptive research method of data collection and a systematized literature review. In our study, we only included articles that corresponded to the pre-set inclusion criteria. We used fully accessible articles written in English or Slovene, which discuss human body, brains and thematically relevant articles published between 2002 and 2020. Results: The results of 15 relevant articles were thematically classified and presented in two tables. The first table lists information about the authors, the year of publication, the characteristics of the sample and number of participants. It also lists the observed area and the tasks of the research participants. Second table covers key findings of the articles in the previous table. Discussion and conclusion: Through a systematic review of the literature, we were able to determine that the centers for the senses are located on individual cerebral cortex. The visual cortex mainly covers the occipital lobe and is divided into the primary visual cortex V1 and the extraterrestrial visual cortex (V2, V3, V4, V5). The auditory cortex cooperates with the Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas in the formation of sound, as well as with some gyri and sulci in the temporal lobe. The gustatory cortex is formed by the anterior part of the insula and the inferior frontal gyrus. The key area for speech is the Broca’s area, motor movements on the other hand, activate the primary and secondary sensory cortex. Emotion centers can be found in the area of the amygdala and basal ganglia. The amygdala activates together with S1, S2 and ACC in pain and together they form the “pain matrix”. We believe that with our research we managed to evaluate the importance of functional magnetic resonance imaging and to present the main brain regions.

• Keywords: diploma theses, radiologic technology, fMRI, brain, brain mapping, brain regions, BOLD, neurons