Pravne posledice pobojev na Slovenskem po drugi svetovni vojni - nemoč prava?

Klajnšek, Lenka (author), Kambič, Marko (mentor)

V Sloveniji je ob koncu druge svetovne vojne prišlo do nasilnih obračunavanj z nasprotniki komunističnega režima in pobojev domobrancev, ki so jih Britanci vrnili v Jugoslavijo z avstrijske Koroške, kamor so se v zadnjih dneh vojne zatekli v upanju, da jih bodo zavezniške sile zaščitile. V mednarodnem pravu so že ob začetku vojne in med njo obstajali določeni predpisi, ki so tako dejanje inkriminirali. Pomembne so Druga in Četrta haaška konvencija s Pravilnikom o zakonih in običajih vojne na kopnem iz let 1899 in 1907 in Konvencija o ravnanju z vojnimi ujetniki iz leta 1929. Z vidika mednarodnega običajnega prava je pomembna Martensova klavzula, ki določa, da v primerih, ki niso zajeti z določbami konvencij, vseeno obstaja zaščita in vladavina načel mednarodnega prava, kot izhaja iz običajev med civiliziranimi narodi, iz zakonov človečnosti in zapovedi javne vesti. V slovenskem prostoru je veljala tudi Uredba o vojaških sodiščih iz leta 1944, ki je sicer po ugotovitvi US v nekaterih delih neveljavna zaradi nasprotja s temeljnimi načeli že v času njenega nastanka, vendar to ne pomeni, da je v celoti nezakonita. Načela mednarodnega prava, ki izhajajo iz sodbe sodišča v Nürnbergu, so bila potrjena s strani Generalne skupščine OZN, ki je načelom priznala univerzalno veljavnost, s tem pa so dobila tudi veljavo mednarodnega običajnega prava. Ugovor prepovedi retroaktivne uporabe prava v primeru oblikovanja Nürnberškega statuta je bil zavrnjen z argumentom, da je Statut zgolj sistematično zbral tedaj veljavne norme iz konvencij in pravila mednarodnega običajnega prava. V Sloveniji do njene osamosvojitve zaradi narave političnega sistema pregona storilcev povojnih pobojev ni bilo pričakovati. Po razpadu Jugoslavije in nastanku demokratične Republike Slovenije se je zgodil premik v zvezi z odkrivanjem in preiskovanjem domnevnih zločinov. K temu Slovenijo med drugim zavezujejo tudi konvencije, katerih pogodbenica je. Pravna podlaga za kaznovanje zločinov je zagotovo obstajala, kar so potrdila tudi slovenska sodišča, vendar po zgolj treh obtožnicah, zaradi pomanjkanja dokazov, ni bil obsojen nihče. Doslednega in sistematičnega pregona v Sloveniji, kljub obstoju pravnih podlag, zaradi pomanjkanja političnega interesa ni bilo.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: povojno nasilje, mednarodno humanitarno pravo, mednarodno kazensko pravo, retroaktivna uporaba prava, hudodelstva zoper človečnost, genocid, nezastarljiva kazniva dejanja
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2020
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-122935
• COBISS.SI-ID: 45022211
• Publication date in RUL: 17.12.2020

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Legal Consequences of Massacres in Slovenia After World War II – Impotence of Law?

Abstract

In Slovenia, at the end of World War II, there were violent confrontations with opponents of the communist regime and massacres of members of the Slovene Home Guard returned by the British to Yugoslavia from Carinthia, Austria, where they took refuge in the last days of the war, hoping to be protected by allied forces. At the beginning and during the war, certain regulations in international law criminalized such an act. Important are the 1899 Hague Convention (II) and the 1907 Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, as well as the 1929 Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. From the customary international law perspective, the Martens clause, which stipulates that in cases, not covered by the provisions of the conventions, there is nevertheless protection, and the rule of international law, as is customary among civilized nations, laws of humanity, and public conscience. At that time, the 1944 Decree on Military Courts was also in force in Slovenia, which, according to the Constitutional Court RS, is invalid in some parts due to its conflict with basic principles at the time of its creation. However, this does not mean that it is completely unlawful. The principles of international law deriving from the judgment of the Nuremberg Court were confirmed by the UN General Assembly, which recognized the principles of universal validity and thus gave them the force of customary international law. The objection to the prohibition of the retroactive application of law in the case of the drafting of the Nuremberg Statute was rejected on the ground that the Statute merely systematically collected the norms in force at the time from the conventions and rules of customary international law. Due to the nature of the political system, prosecution of perpetrators of post-war massacres was not expected in Slovenia until its independence. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the creation of the democratic Republic of Slovenia, there was a shift in the detection and investigation of alleged crimes. Slovenia is bound to, inter alia, by the conventions to which it is a party. There was certainly a legal basis for punishing the crimes, which was also confirmed by the Slovenian courts, but after only three charges, no one was convicted due to lack of evidence. Despite the existence of a legal basis, there was no consistent and systematic prosecution in Slovenia due to the lack of political interest.

• Keywords: post-war violence, international humanitarian law, international criminal law, retroactive application of law, crimes against humanity, genocide, non-statutory offenses