In this thesis I explore the ways of establishing socialism and what thoughts and reflections it
develops in the 21st century. I was interested in the extent to which socialism today can be an
alternative to the existing socio-political system and whether the very nature of the transition
to socialism is the key to shaping this process. To this end I explored key processes in shaping
two attempts at social renewal: the Bolivarian Revolution under Hugo Chávez and the
October Revolution. I then compared them with the aim of finding common paths and
differences in their own development and what these two experiences meant for the
development of socialism and the socialist transition, or what causes are responsible for the
failure or success of both social renewal projects.
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