Vpliv razvoja umetne inteligence na ustaljene koncepte ustavnega prava

Klobasa, Žan (author), Zagorc, Saša (mentor)

Umetna inteligenca je področje znanstvenega raziskovanja, ki se ukvarja z razvojem sistemov, ki so na podlagi prepoznavanja vzorcev in zakonitosti v podatkih sposobni prilagajanja okolju in reševanja problemov. Uporaba sistemov umetne inteligence je ustavno dopustna, vendar pa mora biti vzpostavljena sorazmernost med zasledovanim interesom in človekovo pravico, v katero posega. Z obdelavo osebnih podatkov s sistemi umetne inteligence je mogoče o posameznikih izdelati natančne biometrične profile, ki jih državni in zasebni subjekti izkoriščajo za nadzor, sprejemanje odločitev in vplivanje na posameznike. Pri tem lahko prihaja do prekomernih posegov v pravico do zasebnosti, svobodo izražanja, človekovo dostojanstvo, volilno pravico in prepoved diskriminacije, posamezniki pa nimajo na voljo ustreznih sredstev, da bi se z rezultatom profiliranja seznanili in se pred njegovimi posledicami ustrezno zavarovali. Uporaba sistemov umetne inteligence torej močno povečuje vpliv zasebnih subjektov na uživanje človekovih pravic. Internetni posredniki postajajo vse močnejši akterji na področju razširjanja informacij in imajo zato izrazito vpliven položaj pri omejevanju posredovanja in prejemanja informacij, kar jim omogoča intenzivne posege v pravico do svobode izražanja. Večplasten ustavnopravni problem predstavlja politično mikrociljanje, kot poskus vplivanja političnih strank ali drugih zasebnih subjektov na rezultat volitev, ki lahko resno ogrozi ustavne kvalitete državotvornih procesov, podobne učinke pa ima lahko tudi prikrojevanje volilnih enot s pomočjo umetne inteligence. Vendar pa gledano celovito ni prepričljivih dokazov, da ustavni red v svoji trenutni obliki nima dovolj orodij za odpravo teh pomanjkljivosti, nasprotno, uporaba umetne inteligence je tista, ki bi se morala prilagoditi ustavnemu sistemu. Vendar pa ta konflikt zaradi globalnih političnih implikacij zaenkrat še ostaja nerazrešen.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: ustavno pravo, umetna inteligenca, strojno učenje, človekove pravice, demokracija, volitve, načelo sorazmernosti, pravica do zasebnosti, svoboda izražanja
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2020
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-119113
• COBISS.SI-ID: 30210307
• Publication date in RUL: 03.09.2020

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Impact of the development of artificial intelligence on the settled concepts of constitutional law

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is a field of scientific research that deals with the development of systems that are able to adapt to the environment and solve problems on the basis of pattern recognition and regularity in data. The use of artificial intelligence systems is constitutionally permissible, but proportionality must be established between the pursued interest and the human right with which it interferes. By processing personal data with artificial intelligence systems, it is possible to create accurate biometric profiles about individuals, which are used by public and private entities to control, make decisions and influence individuals. This can lead to excessive interference with the right to privacy, freedom of expression, human dignity, the right to vote and prohibition of discrimination, while individuals do not have the appropriate means to inform themselves with the result of profiling and to adequately protect themselves from its consequences. The use of artificial intelligence systems therefore greatly increases the influence of private entities on the enjoyment of human rights. Internet intermediaries are becoming increasingly powerful actors in the field of dissemination of information and therefore have a very influential position in restricting the transmission and receipt of information, which allows them to intensively encroach on the right to freedom of expression. The multifaceted constitutional problem of political microtargeting, as an attempt to influence political parties or other private entities on the election result, can seriously jeopardize the constitutional qualities of state-building processes, and the adjustment of constituencies with the help of artificial intelligence can have similar effects. However, overall, there is no convincing evidence that the constitutional order in its current form does not have sufficient tools to address these shortcomings; on the contrary, the use of artificial intelligence is one that should be adjusted to the constitutional system. However, due to global political implications, this conflict remains unresolved for the time being.

• Keywords: constitutional law, artificial intelligence, machine learning, human rights, democracy, elections, principle of proportionality, right to privacy, freedom of expression