A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob (author), Ježek, Jožica (author), Starič, Jože (author)

This Research Reflection short review will discuss vitamin D metabolism, its role in nutrition,disease prevention, and welfare of dairy cattle, as well as its toxicity. Vitamin D is an import-ant fat-soluble vitamin. However, some researchers regard it as a hormone due to its functionin the organism. Its role is not limited just to Ca homoeostasis and bone metabolism but isalso associated with immunity. In dairy cattle it is known for preventing milk fever. Cows canacquire vitamin D in many ways for example through feed, parenteral injections or throughUVB irradiation from the sun or artificial lighting. The vitamin D in feed can either be plant-/fungi- based ergocalciferol or animal-based cholecalciferol. There is currently only one regis-tered feed vitamin D supplement for cattle in the European Union and it is cholecalciferol. Animals can also synthesize their own vitamin D when 7-dihydrocholesterol in the skin is irradiated with UVB light resulting in cholecalciferol production. Despite its importance, many cattle are deficient in vitamin D due to inadequate supplementation or insufficient sun exposure. In a study performed at the Veterinary Faculty in Slovenia 12 high producing Holstein Friesian cows at a commercial dairy farm were blood tested for vitamin D status for three succeeding months and all but one were vitamin D insufficient in all testings. The cows were not exposed to direct sunlight and the content of vitamin D3 in feed was <400 IU/kg dry matter, which is less than half of the NRC (2001) recommendation. Deficiency can also occur due to diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as paratuberculosis, which lower the absorptive capacity of the gut. Vitamin D can be toxic if cows are over-supplemented or consume large quantities of plants likeTrisetum flavescens, which contain an active form of vitamin D-calcitriol or its glycosides, that are activated by digestion in the rumen.

• Language: English
• Keywords: Calcitriol, cow, deficiency, paratuberculosis, supplementation, toxicity
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: VF - Veterinary Faculty
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2020
• Number of pages: Str. 84-87
• Numbering: Vol. 87, suppl. S1
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-118706
• UDC: 636.2.09:612.75.015.3
• ISSN on article: 0022-0299
• DOI: 10.1017/S0022029920000424
• COBISS.SI-ID: 24674819
• Publication date in RUL: 31.08.2020

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Journal of Dairy Research
• Shortened title: J. Dairy Res.
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• ISSN: 0022-0299
• COBISS.SI-ID: 6400007

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 31.08.2020

Projects

• Funder: EC - European Commission
• Project number: COST Action FA1308
• Name: DairyCare