Dejavniki tveganja za poškodbe kolenskega sklepa pri alpskih smučarjih : diplomsko delo

Princ, Špela (author), Vauhnik, Renata (mentor)

Uvod: Alpsko smučanje velja za slovenski nacionalni šport. Gre za visoko intenzivno vadbo z relativno kratkim trajanjem. Za usvajanje smučarskega znanja so potrebne primarne gibalne sposobnosti: moč, hitrost, koordinacija, gibljivost, ravnotežje in preciznost. Pri smučanju so zelo pogoste poškodbe, skoraj polovico le-teh predstavljajo poškodbe kolena. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda strokovne literature opredeliti dejavnike tveganja za poškodbe kolena pri alpskih smučarjih tekmovalcih. Metode dela: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela s pregledom strokovne literature. Članke smo iskali v podatkovni bazi PubMed s ključnimi besedami skiing AND knee injury AND risk factors. Vključili smo članke, ki so bili objavljeni med leti 2000 in 2019 v angleškem jeziku, ter so proučevali dejavnike tveganja za poškodbe kolenskega sklepa pri alpskih smučarjih tekmovalcih. Rezultati: V analizo smo vključili 7 strokovnih člankov, od tega 3 retrospektivne študije, 2 kohortni študiji, 1 študijo primerov in kontrol ter 1 sistematično video analizo. Pri antropometričnih podatkih ni razlik med poškodovanimi in nepoškodovanimi. V splošni telesni pripravljenosti se poškodovani in nepoškodovani ne razlikujejo statistično pomembno. Pri bolj uspešnih tekmovalcih ima poškodba sprednje križne vezi večjo incidenco. Med spoloma ni razlik v incidenci. Športniki s poškodbo sprednje križne vezi imajo večji delež staršev, ki so imeli enako poškodbo. V nekaterih študijah več poškodb utrpijo tekmovalci v tehničnih disciplinah, v drugih pa v hitrih disciplinah. Na poškodbe vplivajo smučarjeva tehnika in strategija, sneg in razmere na progi ter agresivna oprema. Razprava in sklep: Na področju poškodb v svetovnem pokalu v alpskem smučanju je malo raziskav. Za preprečevanje poškodb je najprej potrebno ugotoviti vzroke in dejavnike tveganja zanje. Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili naslednje dejavnike tveganja za poškodbe kolena pri tekmovalnih alpskih smučarjih: razlika v eksplozivni moči med spodnjima udoma, jakost mišic trupa in njihovo neravnovesje, starost, družinska obremenjenost, tehnika in strategija smučarja, manjša izkušenost, večja uspešnost na tekmovanjih, smučarska disciplina, grbine, različen sneg skozi progo, zahtevna proga in skoki ter agresivna smučarska oprema. Potrebnih je več raziskav, da bi lahko uvedli konkretne preventivne ukrepe.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: alpsko smučanje, poškodbe, kolenski sklep, dejavniki tveganja, tekmovalci
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Year: 2019
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-110283
• COBISS.SI-ID: 5682795
• Publication date in RUL: 13.09.2019

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Risk factors for knee injuries in alpine skiers : diploma work

Abstract

Introduction: Alpine skiing is a Slovenian national sport. It is a high intensity workout with a relatively short duration. To assimilate knowledge of skiing, primary motor skills are necessary: power, speed, coordination, flexibility, balance and precision. In skiing, injuries are very frequent, among them, nearly half are knee injuries. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis in to define risk factors for knee injuries among alpine ski racers based on the literature review. Methods: We used a descriptive method with a literature review. The articles were obtained from the online database PubMed, using the key words skiing AND knee injury AND risk factors. We included articles that were published in English between the years 2000 and 2019, and those who studied risk factors for knee injuries in alpine ski racers. Results: We analyzed 7 articles, of which 3 were retrospective studies, 2 cohort studies, 1 case-control study and 1 systematic video analysis. There were no differences between injured and non-injured athletes in anthropometric data. The difference in general physical fitness between injured and non-injured was not statistically significant. More successful skiers have a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury. There is no difference in the incidence between male and female skiers. Athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury have a higher share of parents with the same injury. In some studies racers in technical disciplines suffer more injuries, in others, racers in speed disciplines have more injuries. Skier’s technique and strategy, snow, competition conditions and aggressive equipment have an impact on injuries. Discussion and conclusion: There are only a few studies in the field of alpine skiing world cup injuries. To prevent these injuries, we first need to define the causes and risk factors for them. Based on our literature review, the following risk factors for knee injuries in alpine ski racers have been defined: side-to-side leg difference in explosive muscle power, core muscles strength and their imbalance, less years of experience, more successful athletes, ski discipline, bumps on course, inconsistent snow conditions, challenging course setting and jumps and aggressive ski equipment. More research is needed in order to introduce definite preventive measures.

• Keywords: alpine skiing, injuries, knee joint, risk factors, racers