Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are potent broad-spectrum antibiotics, made up of cyclitol derivatives and modified sugars. They are used to treat infections with Gram-negative bacteria. AG antibiotics also have potential to be used for the treatment of genetic diseases. However, the problems with their usage are nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and bacterial resistance. For that reason, they are rarely used in clinic. AG antibiotics bind to 16S rRNA and cause mRNA misreading and inhibition of translocation. When considering mode of action and structure, apramycin differs when compared to other AG antibiotics. Recent studies also revealed that apramycin has lower ototoxic activity compared to other AG antibiotics. Due to the increasing occurrence of resistance to AGs and thus reduced effectiveness against pathogens from the ESKAPE panel there is rising interest in the development of novel AG antibiotics. In this diploma work, we have reviwed development of AG antibiotics, their biosynthesis, with particular emphasis on streptomycin, gentamycin and apramycin. We have also presented mechanism of action and resistance to AG antibiotics and recent advancement in the development of clinically useful aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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