Odnos do dopinga in dejavniki dopinškega obnašanja v slovenskem plavanju : doktorska disertacija

Lipošek, Silvester (author), Bednarik, Jakob (mentor), Šajber, Dorica (comentor)

Doping ni samo uporaba ali poskus uporabe prepovedanih snovi ali metod med športniki, ampak je tudi ukrep, v katerem nekdo pomaga pri kršitvi dopinških pravil, jih spodbuja in podpira. Da razvoj dopinga Slovenije zagotovo ni obšel, dokazujejo odmevni primeri med slovenskimi športniki, tudi med plavalci. Glavni cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti odnos slovenskih plavalcev do dopinga (doping attitudes) in potencialno dopinškega obnašanja (potential doping behavior) ter ugotoviti povezanost analiziranih sociodemografskih, športnih in motivacijskih spremenljivk ter spremenljivk znanja o prehrani in dopingu s potencialnim dopinškim obnašanjem pri slovenskih plavalcih. Pod pojmom »dopinško obnašanje« razumemo resnično ali potencialno uporabo dopinških substanc ali uporabo tehnike, ki se šteje za kršitev antidopinških pravil. V vzorec je bilo zajetih 301 slovenskih plavalcev in plavalk starih od 13 do 27 let. Vse spremenljivke so bile pridobljene z obsežnim strukturiranim vprašalnikom QSU (Questionnaire of Substance Use) ter vprašalnikom ciljnih orientacij TESQ (Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire). Faktorji znanja o dopingu in prehrani so se preizkušali s posebno skonstruiranim in validiranim vprašalnikom merjencev KD (Knowledge on Doping) in KSN (Knowledge on Sport Nutrition). Obdelava rezultatov je vključevala deskriptivno statistiko, potrjevanje razlik med skupinami (moški – ženske, starostne kategorije itd.), potrjevanje razmerja obetov (Odds Ratio – OR) s pripadajočim 95 % intervalom zanesljivosti (confidence interval – 95 % CI), potrjevanje povezanosti med spremenljivkami (logistične in korelacijske analize). Za ugotavljanje povezanosti med neodvisnimi spremenljivkami (prediktorji) in kriterijskimi spremenljivkami (potencialno uporaba dopinga) se je uporabila logistična regresijska analiza. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da je spol pomembno povezan s potencialnim dopinškim obnašanjem pri plavalcih. Dosežen športni rezultat v olimpijskih in neolimpijskih disciplinah se je pokazal kot faktor zaščite v smislu potencialnega dopinškega obnašanja plavalcev. Ugotovljena je bila statistično pomembna povezanost med motivacijo tipa A (task orientacija – orientacija k nalogi) in potencialnim dopinškim obnašanjem. Športniki, ki so usmerjeni k nalogi, bodo ne glede na zaznani nivo kompetentnosti vlagali maksimalni napor, izbirali izzivalne cilje, nastopali na ravni, ki je blizu lastnim omejitvam ali potencialom in dolgo vztrajali v neki storilnostni situaciji oziroma športu. To pa je eden glavnih ciljev in želja trenerjev v plavalnih klubih po Sloveniji. V ostalih raziskovanih spremenljivkah nismo ugotovili statistično pomembne povezave s potencialnim dopinškim obnašanjem. Ugotovitve raziskave bomo uporabili v programu proti dopingu tako, da bomo organizirali izobraževalna predavanja, na katerih bomo osveščali mlade plavalce o nevarnostih dopinga.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: doping, dodatna športna prehrana, plavalci, dopinško obnašanje
• Work type: Doctoral dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Year: 2018
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-105050
• COBISS.SI-ID: 5416113
• Publication date in RUL: 23.10.2018

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Doping attitudes and covariates of doping behaviour in slovenian swimming

Abstract

Doping in sports refers to the violation of one or more anti-doping rules, including the consumption of banned performance-enhancing substances (e.g., drugs) and/or the application of prohibited techniques (e.g., the use of masking agents that prevent standard procedures from tracing prohibited substances in athletes’ blood or urine specimens). Slovenia is certainly vulnerable to doping behavior as well, which is clearly evidenced by recent doping-offenses in Slovenian sport, including swimming. The aims of this research were: to evidence doping attitudes and potential doping behavior (PDB) current or potential usage of doping-substances and/or prohibited techniques) in Slovenian swimming; and to establish the associations which may exist between different sociodemographic-, sport-related-, motivational-factors (i.e. task- and ego-motivation), and knowledge of doping and sport nutrition (predictors), and PDB (criterion) in Slovenian swimmers. Slovenian swimmers (n = 301) aged 13 to 27 years, were included in the research. Variables were collected by previously validated questionnaires including questionnaire of substance use, task-and-ego-motivation-, knowledge on doping and knowledge on sport-nutrition-questionnaire. Statistics included descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations or frequencies, and percentages; depending on parametric/nonparametric nature of the data), calculation of differences between and within groups, calculation of Odds Ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, and different models of correlation and regression calculations (logistic and multinominal models). Results showed higher susceptibility to doping in males. Achieved sport-result in Olympic- and non-Olympic-disciplines were found to be protective against PDB. Task-motivation was correlated to PDB. In brief, it is probable that those swimmers who are more oriented toward task-execution will be maximally and persistently involved in training despite their eventual low-achievement with regard to current tasks. Almost certainly, this is one of the most important training-related goals of swimming coaches in Slovenia. Remaining factors were not found to be correlated with PDB. Results will be used in the development of targeted anti-doping campaign and anti-doping educational programs in swimming.

• Keywords: doping, dietary supplementation, swimmers, doping behavior