Vaccinations play an important role in preventing diseases. Vaccines work differently and manufacturing also differs from vaccine to vaccine. Manufacturing is a critical step, as certain conditions need to be fullfilled for the vaccines to successfully protect from diseases. Live, but attenuated, or inactivated microorganisms can be used in vaccines. Immunity can be triggered by conjugated proteins, polysaccharides, toxoids or subunits. Recombinant vaccines require a special kind of manufacturing. Antigens are produced with help of expression systems. Newer approaches include DNA and RNA vaccines, which will be mentioned later in this degree. Production and ways of providing immunity differ from conventional vaccines. There is a lot of ongoing research on the topic of DNA and RNA vaccines, as the early stages showed great promise.
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