Trening za razvijanje občutka za števila in količine pri predšolskih otrocih s posebnimi potrebami : magistrsko delo

Kuplenk, Petra (avtor), Kavkler, Marija (mentor)

Tako otroci kot tudi odrasli se z matematiko srečujemo na vsakem koraku, pa naj bo to na poti v vrtec, službo ali pa pri delu doma. Matematika vsakodnevno vpliva na naše življenje in delo. Na delovnem mestu, v vrtcu, opažam vse večje težave otrok s posebnimi potrebami na področju razvoja občutka za števila in količine. V predšolskem obdobju je namreč nujno, da otroci razvijejo občutek za števila in količine, saj vsa nadaljnja matematična znanja temeljijo na usvojenih spretnostih. V empiričnem delu sem želela ugotoviti, kako razvit je bil občutek za števila in količine pri otrocih s posebnimi potrebami, pred izvedbo treninga. Prav tako sem želela ugotoviti, kako učinkovit je trening, ki vključuje konkretne dejavnosti, s področja, pomembnega za razvoj občutka za števila in količine. Zanimalo me je tudi, v kolikšni meri so starši in vzgojitelji izvajajo dejavnosti za pridobivanje občutka za števila in količine doma oziroma v vrtcu. Pred izvedbo treninga sem s Preizkusom razvitosti občutka za števila in količine (Jašarević, 2016) ugotovila, kako razvit je bil občutek za števila in količine pri otrocih vključenih v trening. Z vprašalniki za vzgojitelje (avtorsko delo) sem preverila, kako ti ocenjujejo spretnosti otrok. Od staršev sem s pomočjo vprašalnikov (avtorsko delo) želela izvedeti, kako pogosto dejavnosti za razvijanje občutka za števila in količine vključujejo v vsakodnevne dejavnosti. V svoji raziskavi sem oblikovala, izvajala in evalvirala celovit trening za razvijanje občutka za števila in količine pri predšolskih otrocih s posebnimi potrebami. V trening so bili vključeni 4 otroci s posebnimi potrebami (otroci z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami in gibalno ovirani otroci), ki bodo naslednje šolsko leto začeli obiskovati 1. razred osnovne šole. Vsi otroci so bili vključeni v program s prilagojenim izvajanjem in z dodatno strokovno pomočjo, ki ga je izvajal specialni in rehabilitacijski pedagog. Zaradi preverjanja učinkovitosti treninga sem omenjeni preizkus in vprašalnika izvedla tudi po končanem treningu. Trening je trajal 4 mesece, z otroki sem se srečevala dvakrat tedensko po 30 minut. Z otroki sem v dveh primerih delala individualno, v enem pa s parom otrok. V trening so bili vključeni tudi starši otrok in njihovi vzgojitelji. Z vzgojitelji smo se srečevali tedensko, s starši pa smo se v času treninga srečali trikrat. Vse izvajane dejavnosti v sklopu treninga sem predstavila tudi vzgojiteljem, s katerimi smo skupaj načrtovali aktivnosti za razvoj občutka za števila in količine, tudi v skupini. Skupek vseh nalog, dejavnosti in didaktičnih priporočil sem zbrala v priročnik. Staršem sem pripravila nabor dejavnosti in nalog ter priporočil za delo doma. Na podlagi končnih rezultatov lahko vidimo, da so vsi otroci, ki so bili vključeni v trening, uspešno razvijali občutek za števila in količine. Poleg temeljnega matematičnega znanja in spretnosti so razvili tudi strategije, s katerimi si pomagajo pri učinkovitem reševanju različnih matematičnih nalog. Vsi otroci so razvili interes in motivacijo za reševanje različnih matematičnih dejavnosti in sodelovanje v aktivnostih.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: posebne potrebe, števila in količine, predšolska vzgoja
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Založnik: [P. Kuplenk]
• Leto izida: 2017
• Št. strani: 97 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-97569
• UDK: 376:51(043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 11788617
• Datum objave v RUL: 13.12.2017

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Training to develop sense of numbers and quantities for preschool children with special needs

Izvleček

Children as well as adults have to cope with mathematics every day either at nursery school, at work or at home. Mathematics has a great impact on our lives and work. When I was working with children with special needs I noticed that they found it very difficult to understand numbers and numbers relations. That is why I devoted my diploma work to preparing a complete training for developing a feeling of number sense with children with special needs. I believe that it is of great importance that children in the pre-school age develop the number sense, which is the knowledge base for their further mathematical skills. The aim of Master's thesis is to develop strategies which would help pre-school children with special needs to develop number sense. Therefore I planned a training that included creative activities that helped a great deal to develop the feeling of number sense with these children. Furthermore, I wanted to find out what methods parents and teachers had already used to develop the feeling of number sense. The children who were supposed to participate in the training had to take the Number sense Examination (Jašarević, 2016) beforehand. It was also important to find out how the teachers assessed the children's abilities and skills. So I made a questionnaire on this topic which the teachers had to fill in. Also the parents were given a questionnaire about how often the number sense activities had been carried out in children's everyday lives. The research contained the programme of the training, its actual realization and finally its overall evaluation, too. 4 children with special needs (2 children with speech and language disorders and 2 physically handicapped children) participated in the research. They were to start school the following year. All these 4 children had had special education and had been given some extra help by a special education teacher. The training course lasted 4 months. During this period I worked with children for 30 minutes twice a week. Two children had an individual treatment, the other two were given the training together. The teachers and the children's parents participated in the training, too. During the training course I informed the teachers about the regular activities once a week. I had 3 meetings with parents, too. All the activities that were done during the training were presented to the teachers who could later on demonstrate these activities to all the other children in a group. To determine the efficiency of the training the children had to undergo the above mentioned test once again after the training had been completed. Also the teachers and parents were asked to fill in the questionnaires again. I issued a manual that contained all the tasks and activities that were practiced during the training together with some useful didactic advice. Also parents got some advice how to exercise at home and were given a collection of all the tasks and activities. The final results of the research show that all the children that have taken part in the training have to some extent successfully developed the feeling of number sense. What is more, besides having learnt basic mathematical knowledge and skills, they have also learnt some strategies which enable them to solve math problems efficiently. All the children have found it interesting and challenging to continue with solving mathematical tasks and have also developed motivation skills for mathematical activities.

• Ključne besede: pre-school child, backward child, mathematics, predšolski otrok, otrok s posebnimi potrebami, matematika