20.500.12556/RUL-188946 Analiza prožnega obratovanja hibridnega sistema z malim modularnim jedrskim reaktorjem in s sistemom elektrolize za pridobivanje vodika Analysis of the flexible operation of a hybrid system with a small modular nuclear reactor and a hydrogen electrolyser Razogljičenje energetike hkrati povečuje potrebo po vodiku in po prožnosti porabe v vse bolj spremenljivem elektroenergetskem sistemu. Povezava malega modularnega jedrskega reaktorja in sistema elektrolize za pridobivanje vodika lahko ponudi oboje. Tak hibridni sistem doslej še nikjer ne obratuje, zato njegova ekonomska vrednost ostaja neizmerjena. Modelirani sistem sestavljata jedrski reaktor ACP100 z neto močjo 100 MW in sistem elektrolize s protonsko izmenjevalno membrano, sestavljen iz osmih enakih enot po 5 MW, skupaj torej 40 MW. Obratovanje je modelirano z optimizacijskim modelom, ki za vsak dan v petnajstminutnih intervalih izbere moč sistema elektrolize in ponudbo rezerv tako, da je denarna vrednost dneva največja. Dnevni razporedi za dve leti tržnih podatkov se z izmenjavanjem let razširijo na trideset let, v katerih se sproti seštevajo degradacija sklopov celic in njihove zamenjave. Dobiček od prožnega obratovanja je izmerjen kot razlika med tremi strategijami obratovanja. Prva obratuje togo, torej ves čas s polno močjo proizvaja vodik. Druga porabo prilagaja ceni električne energije. Tretja dodatno ponuja izravnalne rezerve operaterju prenosnega sistema. Model uporablja dejanske tržne podatke evropske mreže operaterjev prenosnih sistemov za električno energijo za leti 2024 in 2025. Vsako strategijo ovrednoti s povprečnim letnim obratovalnim denarnim tokom, izračunanim iz tridesetletnega denarnega toka obratovanja. Izračun upošteva tudi degradacijo sistema elektrolize in zajema 38 evropskih trgovalnih območij, od katerih jih ima 27 tudi podatke o rezervah. Prilagajanje porabe ceni se izplača v vseh 38 območjih, v povprečju za okoli 3,4 milijona evrov na leto ali za 10,7 % v primerjavi s togim obratovanjem. Velikost tega dobička določa raven cen električne energije. Sodelovanje na trgu rezerv prinese dobiček v vseh 27 območjih s podatki o rezervah, v povprečju okoli 6,2 milijona evrov na leto ali 19,6 %. Na tej ožji množici prilagajanje prinese okoli 2,7 milijona evrov na leto ali 8,6 %, zato rezerve prinesejo več kot dvakrat toliko. Poganja jih povsem drug dejavnik, in sicer prihodek na trgu rezerv, zlasti plačilo za razpoložljivost. Ker sta gonili različni, sta oba dobička med območji nepovezana, saj koeficient korelacije med njima znaša 0,23. Najprivlačnejša so območja, ki združujejo visoke cene električne energije in dobro plačane rezerve. Sistem tudi v najprožnejši strategiji ostaja predvsem proizvajalec vodika, saj prodaja vodika prinese dobri dve tretjini letnega obratovalnega denarnega toka. Prilagajanje porabe in rezerve skupaj nadgradijo togo osnovo za okoli 8,9 milijona evrov na leto ali dobrih 28 %, pri čemer sistem letno proizvede od 5,0 do 6,2 tisoč ton vodika in na trg sprosti do 70 GWh električne energije. Dvanajst ponovitev celotnega izračuna potrdi, da povprečji obeh dobičkov ostaneta pozitivni v celotnem razponu preverjenih negotovih predpostavk, spremeni se le razmerje med njima, saj pri najnižji preverjeni ceni vodika prilagajanje prinese več kot rezerve. The decarbonisation of the energy sector is increasing the need both for hydrogen and for demand flexibility in an increasingly variable power system. Coupling a small modular nuclear reactor with a hydrogen electrolysis system can provide both. No such hybrid system is yet in operation, so its economic value remains unmeasured. The modelled system consists of an ACP100 nuclear reactor with a net output of 100 MW and a proton exchange membrane electrolysis system made up of eight identical 5 MW units, 40 MW in total. The operation is modelled with an optimisation model that, for each day and in fifteen-minute intervals, selects the electrolysis power and the reserve offer so that the monetary value of the day is maximised. The daily schedules for two years of market data are extended to thirty years by alternating the two years, while the degradation of the cell stacks and their replacements are accumulated along the way. The profit from flexible operation is measured as the difference between three operating strategies. The first operates rigidly, producing hydrogen at full power at all times. The second adjusts the production power to the electricity price. The third additionally offers balancing reserves to the transmission system operator. The model uses actual market data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity for the years 2024 and 2025. Each strategy is valued by its average annual operating cash flow, derived from the thirty-year cash flow of operation. The calculation also accounts for the degradation of the electrolysis system and covers 38 European bidding zones, 27 of which also have reserve data. Adjusting consumption to the price pays off in all 38 zones, on average by about 3.4 million euros per year or 10.7 % compared with rigid operation. Its magnitude is determined by the level of electricity prices. Participation in the reserve market yields a profit in all 27 zones with reserve data, on average about 6.2 million euros per year or 19.6 %. On this narrower set, adjustment yields about 2.7 million euros per year or 8.6 %, so reserves yield more than twice as much. They are driven by an entirely different factor, namely revenue on the reserve market and in particular the availability payment. Because the two drivers differ, the two profits are unrelated across zones, as the correlation coefficient between them is 0.23. The most attractive zones are those that combine high electricity prices with well paid reserves. Even under the most flexible strategy the system remains primarily a hydrogen producer, since hydrogen sales yield just over two thirds of the annual operating cash flow. Together, price adjustment and reserves raise the operating cash flow of rigid operation by about 8.9 million euros per year or just over 28 %, while the system produces between 5.0 and 6.2 thousand tonnes of hydrogen per year and releases up to 70 GWh of electricity to the market. Twelve repetitions of the full calculation confirm that both average profits remain positive across the entire range of uncertain assumptions tested, only their ratio changes, since at the lowest hydrogen price tested the adjustment yields more than the reserves. mali modularni jedrski reaktor elektroliza proizvodnja vodika prožnost porabe izravnalne rezerve tehnično-ekonomska analiza small modular nuclear reactor electrolysis hydrogen production demand flexibility balancing reserves techno-economic analysis true false false Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2026-09-30 10:25:01 2026-09-30 10:25:11 2026-10-02 03:51:52 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 1970-01-01 63463 Belaj_Matevz_-_Analiza_proznega_obratovanja_hibridnega_sistema_z_malim_modularnim_jedrskim_reakt.pdf Belaj_Matevz_-_Analiza_proznega_obratovanja_hibridnega_sistema_z_malim_modularnim_jedrskim_reakt.pdf 1 1FB20180C9B8C169DA07141338D0D6AB d7edb5ea9bdc86d64452371378d8eff0abe5bf63a0161759ef76c2b44aa4eda5 5b182032-bca8-11f1-8bc5-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=249349 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko 0 0 0