20.500.12556/RUL-185341 A scoping review of survey questions assessing online hate speech Hate speech refers to negative communication that targets individuals or groups based on their characteristics (e. g. ethnicity, sexual orientation). The rise of digital communication has amplified its prevalence, making online hate speech (OHS) a pressing societal challenge that requires broad research perspectives and diverse methodological approaches. Survey research is particularly valuable for exploring OHS-related experiences, perceptions, and attitudes among victims, perpetrators, and the general public. However, no comprehensive literature review has yet examined the survey instruments used in OHS research. This study addresses this gap through a scoping review of 127 studies comprising 579 survey questions. The results revealed limited use of probability sampling, underrepresentation of studies outside the Global North, strong concentration in a few national contexts, lack of platform-specific analyses, and insufficient attention to older populations. With respect to survey questions, methodological limitations were identified in relation to question types, measurement scales, wording clarity, and layout formats, as well as an overall shortage of methodological rigour. Regarding target characteristics, questions often referred to broad categories, lacking comprehensiveness and specificity. In terms of content, the open-coding process identified 11 OHS topics. These topics mostly focused on direct perceptions and experiences, while less attention was given to the underlying drivers and civic consequences of OHS. The findings underscore the need for developing standardized survey instruments. To support this aim, the OHS survey questions were additionally compiled into a consolidated database to facilitate future research. online hate speech questionnaire scoping review survey methodology target characteristics targeted group sovražni govor Internet družboslovne ankete true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-07-31 09:36:10 2026-07-31 09:36:19 2026-08-01 04:04:44 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 18 str. article [no.] ǂ101212 Vol. 23 Avg. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 303:179.8:82-5 2451-9588 10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101212 286544643 Vehovar_et_al_CinHB_R.pdf Vehovar_et_al_CinHB_R.pdf 1 8AAC3D20C12B9C7BFF4F2F2B2F2097E3 f41a2ce7dbdf0a579f9351f80b830e270cca8c73feeb750a2ae889c2952ee22b 80c14efc-8cb2-11f1-9b0d-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=243776 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451958826002861 0 89e8424c-8cb2-11f1-9b0d-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=243777 Fakulteta za družbene vede 0 0 0