20.500.12556/RUL-183704 Quantifying the difficulty of specific movements in the straddle vault for elementary school children Ovrednotenje zahtevnosti določenih gibov pri raznožki pri osnovnošolski mladini The degree of difficulty of specific movements can be considered as movement information that teachers use to guide exercise instruction. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the difficulty of the movements comprising the straddle vault for 3rd and 4th grade elementary school children. A total of 538 children (263 boys, 275 girls from the 3rd and 4th grades participated in this study. Their straddle vault movements were recorded from both the left and front sides of the individuals and scored using an observational evaluation criterion. After confirming the unidimensionality of the items, item difficulty (b) was estimated using item response theory (IRT). Additionally, differential item functioning (DIF) was investigated to determine whether the difficulty varied depending on grade level. The following findings emerged from estimating the difficulty levels using IRT: Movements involving taking off from a stable run-up (b = -4.952 to -1.833) and shifting weight forward (b = -0.610 to -0.048) were classified as low-difficulty. Movements requiring a bouncy take-off (b = 0.131 to 0.360) and stable landing (b = 0.012 to 0.816) were of medium difficulty. Regarding landing, DIF was detected, indicating that this movement was more difficult for 3rd graders than for 4th graders. Movements involving turning rotation (b = 1.026 to 1.309) and landing aggressively (b = 1.152 to 1.806) were categorized as high-difficulty. Dynamic take-off movements were identified as extremely difficult (b = 2.432 to 3.824). In conclusion, it is necessary to develop a teaching program that accounts for the difficulty of these movements and to verify its effectiveness. Stopnja zahtevnosti določenih gibov se lahko šteje za podatke gibanja, ki jih učitelji uporabljajo za usmerjanje vadbe. Namen te raziskave je bil izmeriti zahtevnost gibov, ki sestavljajo raznožko za učence 3. in 4. razreda osnovne šole. V tej raziskavi je sodelovalo skupno 538 otrok (263 dečkov in 275 deklic iz 3. in 4. razreda). Gibanje je bilo posneto z leve in sprednje strani posameznikov ter ocenjeno z uporabo opazovalnega ovrednotenega merila. Po potrditvi enostranskosti postavk je bila zahtevnost postavk (b) ocenjena z uporabo teorije odziva postavk (IRT). Poleg tega je bilo raziskano različno delovanje postavk (DIF), da bi ugotovili, ali se zahtevnost spreminja glede na razredno stopnjo. Naslednji rezultati so izhajali iz ocenjevanja zahtevnosti z uporabo IRT: Gibanja, ki vključujejo odriv iz stalnega zaleta (b = -4,952 do -1,833) in premik teže naprej (b = -0,610 do -0,048), so bila označena kot nizko zahtevna. Gibanja, ki zahtevajo elastičen odriv (b = 0,131 do 0,360) in stabilen doskok (b = 0,012 do 0,816), so bila srednje zahtevna. Glede doskoka je bil zaznan DIF, kar kaže, da je bilo to gibanje težje za učence 3. razreda kot za učence 4. razreda. Gibanja, ki vključujejo obrate (b = 1,026 do 1,309) in hitro ublažen doskok (b = 1,152 do 1,806), so bila ocenjena kot visoko zahtevna. Gibanja z dinamičnim odrivom so bila prepoznana kot izjemno zahtevna (b = 2,432 do 3,824). Za zaključek je potrebno razviti učni program, ki upošteva zahtevnost teh gibov, in preveriti njegovo učinkovitost. sport physical education difficulty of movements straddle vault elementary school item response theory difference item functioning šport gimnastika telovadba telesna vzgoja težavnost gibov teorija odziva true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Podatek o licenci CC BY-SA 4.0 je naveden na pristajalni strani članka (glej zgoraj izvorni URL). (Datum opombe: 19. 6. 2026) Članek v reviji 2026-06-17 14:29:08 2026-06-19 10:22:41 2026-06-24 04:17:08 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 123-137, 161 iss. 1 Vol. 17 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 37+796.41 1855-7171 10.52165/sgj.17.1.123-137 230901763 123-SANO_article.pdf 123-SANO_article.pdf 1 520855E57F33DAF90543496C769A40E2 9bfd8301c0637fad359c502b8f568718eec7c57e4a1bb6eb746d31e2eb389eda 4ad45c3c-6f10-11f1-9b0d-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=236393 https://journals.uni-lj.si/sgj/article/view/18750 0 3529d9c5-6bb8-11f1-9b0d-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=236048 Fakulteta za šport Science of gymnastics journal 0 0 0