20.500.12556/RUL-182964 Antimicrobial activity of bee pollen influence of botanical origin and processing Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich bee product and natural food supplement that contains proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, offering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunestimulatory, and antimicrobial activity. Numerous studies have confirmed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of both polyfloral and monofloral bee pollen. Monofloral bee pollen exhibits a more stable chemical composition and more consistent sensory and biochemical properties, making it more suitable for various applications. This has led to a growing number of studies investigating its antimicrobial potential. Antimicrobial activity of bee pollen is influenced by natural factors such as the botanical and geographical *Corresponding author: Phone:+38613203751 E-mail:sonja.smole@bf.uni-lj.si Food Technology and Biotechnology 64 (1) 2026 www.ftb.com.hr Please note that this is an unedited version of the manuscript that has been accepted for publication. This version will undergo copyediting and typesetting before its final form for publication. We are providing this version as a service to our readers. The published version will differ from this one as a result of linguistic and technical corrections and layout editing. origin, seasonal variation, and beekeeping practices. The outcomes of in vitro testing also depend on choices related to extract preparation, solvent type, microbial strains, and the method employed to measure antimicrobial activity. Another challenge is the limited bioavailability of bioactive compounds, restricted by the degradation-resistant outer layer of bee pollen, named the exine. The wall can be partially disrupted through processing methods that break it and enhance its nutritional and functional properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of published studies on the antimicrobial activity of monofloral bee pollen. It summarizes the most frequently investigated botanical species and bacterial strains, highlighting those with the most promising antimicrobial results. Additionally, it examines the processing methods of pollen, comparing their effectiveness and the changes in antimicrobial activity before and after processing. The review identifies the plant species, solvents, and methods that yield strong antimicrobial activity, emphasizing their potential in the broader effort to standardize high quality parameters for bee pollen. botanical origin antimicrobial activity exine processing methods bioavailability of active compounds quality standardization of bee pollen cvetni prah osmukanec botanično poreklo protimikrobna aktivnost biološka aktivnost true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-05-29 14:30:48 2026-05-29 14:30:57 2026-05-30 04:58:41 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Str. 67-80 no. 1 Vol. 64 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 638.178.2:579.67 1330-9862 10.17113/ftb.64.01.26.9421 265043971 RAZ_Lukman_Tajda_2026.pdf RAZ_Lukman_Tajda_2026.pdf 1 D9EBAD9F7DE08D2F2641C0F7012DFF17 5029d485e2328f488b2ed966e045bad9c0a997600e1f4dcec586f81b941107ca 0a7b2a49-5b5a-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=234681 https://www.ftb.com.hr/archives/1980-antimicrobial-activity-of-bee-pollen-influence-of-botanical-origin-and-processing 1 e7315f7a-5b59-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=234680 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0