20.500.12556/RUL-182834 Beyond climate a cambium-centred synthesis of anthropogenic drivers of wood formation in urban trees Urban trees are increasingly exposed to persistent anthropogenic drivers that extend beyond climatic forcing and fundamentally alter the conditions of secondary growth. While climatic controls of cambial phenology and xylogenesis are well established, the mechanisms by which non-climatic drivers regulate cambial activity and wood formation remain fragmented and are often inferred only indirectly. Here, we develop a cambium-centred framework to synthesise current evidence on how anthropogenic drivers shape wood formation in urban and peri-urban trees. To our knowledge, this is among the first syntheses explicitly linking anthropogenic drivers to distinct stages of xylogenesis. Anthropogenic drivers are typically chronic, spatially heterogeneous, and temporally decoupled from seasonal climatic rhythms, and may alter cambial kinetics and generate anatomical signatures not captured by ring width alone. We evaluate major driver domains, including root-zone constraints, altered hydrology, urban microclimate, pollution, salinity, and mechanical disturbance, while also considering emerging drivers such as artificial light at night and microplastics. Evidence is stratified into three levels: direct observations, indirect physiological evidence, and mechanistic plausibility. Across driver classes, three recurrent anatomical patterns emerge: reduced conduit size under hydraulic or osmotic stress; anomalies in wall deposition under carbon limitation or oxidative stress; and pronounced circumferential heterogeneity under spatially localised forcing. Integrative approaches combining xylogenesis monitoring, quantitative wood anatomy, dendrometer observations and spatially explicit sampling are essential to disentangle anthropogenic from climatic effects and improve assessment of tree resilience. urban trees secondary growth xylogenesis quantitative wood anatomy anthropogenic drivers ozone urban dust road salt mechanobiology urban forestry legacy effects urbana drevesa sekundarna rast ksilogeneza kvantitativna anatomija lesa antropogeni dejavniki ozon urbani prah cestna sol mehanobiologija urbano gozdarstvo zapozneli učinki true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-05-25 11:59:15 2026-05-25 11:59:23 2026-05-26 04:35:53 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 18 str. issue 5, [article no.] 595 Vol. 17 May 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 630*8 1999-4907 10.3390/f17050595 279221763 RAZ_Balzano_Angela_2026.pdf RAZ_Balzano_Angela_2026.pdf 1 895FBDC0AB752D4D7231E41B036FAEF5 501a9791f063cf69934f0d70bac761875d5c785d0016a8299224280f477e456d 3b376807-5820-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=234408 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/5/595 1 13f481bf-5820-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=234407 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0