20.500.12556/RUL-182478 Developing Guidelines for working with Multi-Model Ensembles in CMIP Earth System Models (ESMs) are a key tool for studying the climate under changing conditions. Over recent decades, it has been established to not only rely on projections of a single model but to combine various ESMs in multi-model ensembles (MMEs) to improve robustness and quantify the uncertainty of the projections. The data access for MME studies has been fundamentally facilitated by the World Climate Research Programme's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) – a collaborative effort bringing together ESMs from modelling communities all over the world. Despite the CMIP standardization processes, addressing specific research questions using MMEs requires unique ensemble design, analysis, and interpretation choices. Based on the collective expertise within the Fresh Eyes on CMIP initiative, mainly composed of early-career researchers engaged in CMIP, we have identified common issues and questions encountered while working with climate MMEs. Here, we provide a comprehensive literature review addressing these questions. We provide statistics tracing the development of the climate MMEs analysis field throughout the last decades, and, synthesizing existing studies, we outline guidelines regarding model evaluation, model dependence, weighting methods, and uncertainty treatment. We summarize a collection of useful resources for MME studies, we review common questions and strategies, and finally, we outline emerging scientific trends, such as the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques, single model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs), and computational resource considerations. We thereby aim to support researchers working with climate MMEs, particularly in the upcoming 7th phase of CMIP. climatology climate models CMIP project multi-model ensembles klimatologija klimatski modeli projekt CMIP večmodelni pristop true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-05-13 10:59:35 2026-05-13 10:59:37 2026-05-15 04:09:12 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Str. 495–532 iss. 3 Vol. 17 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 551.58 2190-4987 10.5194/esd-17-495-2026 277848579 https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/17/495/2026/ 1 c438c49c-4ea9-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=233783 esd-17-495-2026.pdf esd-17-495-2026.pdf 1 512F1DFC5F74530AE6C7C622FE41355E 15082b53aa310e183a62a5fc7cbedd70856d645bdef82c5406221b8bd0cdaba5 74403506-4eaa-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=233784 Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko 0 0 0