20.500.12556/RUL-182463 Distribution of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Alpine lakes and rivers as revealed by molecular screening research data underlying the article Porazdelitev toksigenih cianobakterij v alpskih jezerih in rekah na podlagi molekularnega pregleda raziskovalni podatki, obravnavani v članku The increasing frequency of cyanobacteria blooms in waterbodies caused by ecosystem eutrophication could endanger human health. This risk can be mitigated by effective monitoring incorporating molecular methods. To date, most molecular studies on toxigenic cyanobacteria have been limited to microcystins (MCs), disregarding other cyanotoxins, to freshwater planktic habitats while ignoring benthic habitats, and to limited geographic areas (usually one or a few specific waterbodies). In this study, we used PCR-based methods including PCR product sequencing and chemical-analytical methods (LC-MS/MS) to screen many plankton (n = 123) and biofilm samples (n = 113) originating from 29 Alpine lakes and 18 rivers for their cyanotoxin production potential. Both mcyE (indicating MC synthesis) and anaC (indicating anatoxin (ATX) synthesis) gene fragments were able to qualitatively predict MC or ATX occurrence. The abundance of mcyE gene fragments was significantly related to MC concentrations in plankton samples (R2 = 0.61). mcyE gene fragments indicative of MC synthesis were most abundant in planktic samples (65 %) and were assigned to the genera Planktothrix and Microcystis. However, mcyE rarely occurred in biofilms of lakes and rivers, i.e., 4 % and 5 %, respectively, and were assigned to Microcystis, Planktothrix, and Nostoc. In contrast, anaC gene fragments occurred frequently in planktic samples (14 % assigned to Tychonema, Phormidium (Microcoleus), and Oscillatoria), but also in biofilms of lakes (49 %) and rivers (18 %) and were assigned to the genera Phormidium, Oscillatoria, and Nostocales. The cyrJ gene fragment indicating cylindrospermopsin synthesis occurred only once in plankton (assigned to Dolichospermum), while saxitoxin synthesis potential was not detected. For plankton samples, monomictic and less eutrophic conditions were positively related to mcyE/MC occurrence frequency, while oligomictic conditions were related to anaC/ATX frequency. The anaC/ATX frequency in biofilm was related to the lake habitats generally showing higher biodiversity as revealed from metabarcoding in a parallel study. Vse pogostejše množične razrasti cianobakterij v vodnih telesih, ki jih povzroča evtrofikacija ekosistemov, bi lahko ogrozile zdravje ljudi. To tveganje je mogoče zmanjšati z učinkovitim spremljanjem, ki vključuje molekularne metode. Do danes je bila večina molekularnih raziskav toksigenih cianobakterij omejena na mikrocistine (MC) v planktonskih habitatih celinskih voda in na omejena geografska območja (običajno eno ali nekaj izbranih vodnih teles). Drugi cianotoksini in bentoški habitati so bili pogosto spregledani. V tej raziskavi smo uporabili metode, ki temeljijo na PCR, vključno s sekvenciranjem produktov PCR, in kemijsko-analitske metode (LC-MS/MS), da smo pregledali potencial za proizvodnjo cianotoksinov v številnih vzorcih planktona (n = 123) in bentosa (n = 113) iz 29 alpskih jezer in 18 rek. Odseki tarčnih genov mcyE (ki je odgovoren za proizvodnjo MC) in anaC (ki je odgovoren za proizvodnjo anatoksina [ATX]) so lahko kvalitativno napovedali prisotnost MC ali ATX. Številčnost gena mcyE je bila statistično značilno povezana s koncentracijo MC v vzorcih planktona (R2 = 0,61). Geni mcyE, ki nakazujejo sintezo MC, so bili najbolj razširjeni v vzorcih planktona (65 %) in so bili uvrščeni v rodova Planktothrix in Microcystis. Nasprotno pa so se geni mcyE redko pojavili v vzorcih bentosa iz jezer (4 %) in rek (5 %), kjer so bili uvrščeni v rodove Microcystis, Planktothrix in Nostoc. Po drugi strani pa so se geni anaC pogosto pojavljali v vzorcih planktona (14 %), uvrščeni v rodove Tychonema, Phormidium (Microcoleus) in Oscillatoria, pa tudi v bentosu jezer (49 %) in rek (18 %), uvrščeni v rodove Phormidium, Oscillatoria in Nostocales. Gen cyrJ, ki nakazuje sintezo cilindrospermopsinov, se je v planktonu pojavil le enkrat (uvrščen v rod Dolichospermum), potencial za sintezo saksitoksinov pa ni bil opažen v nobenem vzorcu. Pri vzorcih planktona je bila pogostost mcyE in MC v pozitivni korelaciji z monomiktičnimi in manj evtrofnimi razmerami, medtem ko je bila pogostost anaC in ATX v pozitivni korelaciji z oligomiktičnimi razmerami. Pogostost anaC in ATX v bentosu je bila povezana z vzorci iz jezerskih habitatov, v katerih rezultati metabarkodiranja iz vzporedne raziskave na splošno kažejo večjo biotsko raznovrstnost kot vzorci iz rečnih habitatov. European Alps cyanotoxins cyanobacteria planktic habitats benthic habitats water quality monitoring early warning qPCR PCR LC-MS/MS DNA sequencing alpska regija cianotoksini cianobakterije planktonski habitati bentoški habitati monitoring voda zgodnje zaznavanje qPCR PCR LC-MS/MS sekvenciranje DNA true false false Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Mondsee, Austria, and/in Ljubljana, Slovenia From/Od 2021-01-11 to/do 2023-06-23 Neznano 2026-05-12 15:45:13 2026-05-18 13:27:26 2026-05-21 04:57:07 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 README.txt README.txt README 1 3B03E57EF23BB8A9FE1FDFCAE573F191 36d9b10d39c1a29f73182208f3cf5279c947da1d89daff780a6b1a668ce63950 c9ffee76-4e2b-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=233759 PREBERI_ME.txt PREBERI_ME.txt PREBERI ME 1 C676FD5166AC06310C3B3199485CEA01 f38f0a9fe4cbb7fbcf987a293e497a881c8d4f6c976d418ac60b9e8da4cf2fc9 c9de3ef7-4e2b-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=233758 data.zip data.zip Data 1 E6CF571473E1A023D40C3BF43DD0D9F2 2abfd4d1528b2308c15a5fcacadfb80ea60a9a2726a3da3a5b312dde557506c2 82ee0b51-5421-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=234102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121783 Article 0 aac0c0f2-4e2b-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=233757 Biotehniška fakulteta Distribution of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Alpine lakes and rivers as revealed by molecular screening Distribution of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Alpine lakes and rivers as revealed by molecular screening 0 0 0