20.500.12556/RUL-181926 In search of semantic distance metaphoric and non-metaphoric constructions in static and contextual representations Phrases such as burning question, digital waste or invasion of technol- ogy are relatively ordinary expressions understood by any speaker of English. While diverse in structure and meaning, they demonstrate a semantic tension between the basic meanings of a metaphoric and a non-metaphoric constituent. Albeit frequent in discourse, they remain a challenge for automatic language processing systems, especially for smaller, less represented languages. In this work, we inspect a broad array of language models to embed noun phrases in Slovene and in- vestigate the potential of word embeddings to identify metaphoric phrases via the semantic distance of its constituents as measured via cosine similarity. The study shows both static and contextual mono- lingual embeddings encode relevant semantic information while mul- tilingual embeddings demonstrate no significant effect in this exper- imental setting. Moreover, the study unravels the most effective lay- ers for basic meaning representation and highlights the influence of other, non-semantic factors on cosine similarity. By shedding light on these mechanisms, the study provides new insights for both metaphor processing and our understanding of the inner workings of language models. metaphor semantic distance word embeddings noun phrases metafora semantična razdalja besedne vložitve samostalniške besedne zveze true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-04-20 10:35:30 2026-04-20 10:35:36 2026-04-21 11:33:46 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 207–260 no. 2 Vol. 13 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-01-01 81'373.72:81'322:34 2299-856X 10.15398/jlm.v13i2.437 254876675 RAZ_Brglez_Mojca_2025.pdf RAZ_Brglez_Mojca_2025.pdf 1 624FDDC9BDACD1C2A19D1DCA771CAF20 f049c0ced98cf71b6aa771f8b95d7ce87f6a6e667d1605022593f4ed458f3541 efdc796e-3c93-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=232721 https://doi.org/10.15398/jlm.v13i2.437 1 ac52112a-3c93-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=232720 Filozofska fakulteta 0 0 0