20.500.12556/RUL-181418 Single-process 3D-printed smart pad with CNN-based touch localization and force classification Multi-material 3D-printing enables the single-process embedding of piezoresistive sensors producing multi-functional, fully 3D-printed, smart structures without manual assembly or specialized equipment. However, the low sensitivity and manufacturing variability yield unreliable signals, limiting 3D-printed sensors to simple demonstrations rather than complex sensing tasks. This work introduces a single-process, 3D-printed structure with inherently poor sensing capability that is transformed into a highly accurate smart pad with functional tap localization using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The structure consists of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) pad with up to four embedded piezoresistive sensors fully fabricated through material extrusion (MEX). The CNN processes measured time-series signals to predict the tap location and classify the force magnitude. The 4-sensor smart pad reliably distinguishes individual taps with millimeter accuracy (3.56 mm mean accuracy), enabling touch-pad applications with force classification (>98.7% accuracy). The single-sensor smart pad maintains functional performance (6.32 mm mean accuracy), proving that machine learning compensates for the extreme sensor reduction. This work establishes a rapid-prototyping platform for application-specific CNN-enhanced smart structures in human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and structural health monitoring. multi-material 3D-printing smart structures piezoresistive sensors convolutional neural networks impact detection 3D-tisk z zaznavali pametne strukture piezorezistivni senzorji konvolucijske nevronske mreže zaznavanje trka procesiranje signalov strojno učenje true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-04-07 09:42:07 2026-04-07 09:42:16 2026-04-08 04:27:27 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 15 str. no. 1, art. e2640277 Vol. 21 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 681.586:004.92 1745-2759 10.1080/17452759.2026.2640277 274318851 Barsi_Palmic_..._Single-process....pdf Barsi_Palmic_..._Single-process....pdf 1 FA796CE52F317D3B38ED203355942D15 30cc9b382539f31b45fe0a391501442e27822a37ecb520fa7868e52dbf8b126c 4d011348-3255-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=231838 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17452759.2026.2640277 1 1eae32c3-3255-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=231837 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0