20.500.12556/RUL-180525 Competitive stress assessment using salivary biomarkers in rhythmic gymnasts Ocena tekmovalnega stresa z uporabo biomarkerjev sline pri tekmovalcih v ritmični gimnastiki Stress and adaptation are inevitable components of the gymnastics training in competitive gymnasts. Salivary biomarkers, such as alpha-amylase activity (sAAA), concentration of protein (sP) and potassium (sK+) are useful non-invasive stress indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the stress levels before training and competitions in rhythmic gymnasts by using non-invasive biochemical salivary stress markers and anxiety questionnaires. The study included 10 national level rhythmic gymnasts (mean age: 14.7±1.57 years). Saliva was collected by salivates at three time points: nine days pre-competition at home (baseline), five days pre-competition before a training session, and just before the competition. The sAAA and the sP and sK+ were measured. Trait and state anxiety were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. At baseline, the mean sAAA was 5.89±0.75 ln(U/mL) and increased significantly to 6.56±0.58 ln(U/mL) just before the training session (p<0.05) and increased further to 6.90±0.70 ln(U/mL) just before the competition (p<0.05 vs baseline). The mean sP increased progressively insignificantly 1.84±0.70 g/L vs 2.28±0.97 g/L vs 2.91±1.44 g/L, respectively. The mean sK+ was significantly higher before the competition vs the baseline value (35.73±8.3 mmol/L vs 23.94±4.83 mmol/L, p<0.01). The mean state anxiety score was significantly higher before the training session in contrast to the baseline (36.90±11.03 vs 30.80±10.26, p<0.05) and to that before the competition (40.10±9.57 vs 30.80±10.26, p<0.05). In conclusion, the sAAA and sK+ were both in agreement with the anxiety scores, and they can be applied as useful and objective non-invasive markers of stress. Stres in prilagoditev sta neizogibna sestavina treninga gimnastike pri tekmovalnih telovadcih. Biokemični markerji v slini, kot so aktivnost alfa-amilaze (sAAA), koncentracija beljakovin (sP) in kalija (sK+), so uporabni nenasilni kazalci stresa. Namen te študije je bil oceniti stopnje stresa pred treningi in tekmovanji pri ritmičnih telovadcih z uporabo neinvazivnih biokemijskih markerjev stresa v slini in vprašalnikov tesnobe. Študija je vključevala 10 tekmovadk, ki tekmujejo na nacionalni ravni (povprečna starost: 14,7±1,57 let). Slina je bila zbrana ob treh časovnih točkah: devet dni pred tekmovanjem doma (osnovna vrednost), pet dni pred tekmovanjem pred treningom in tik pred tekmovanjem. Meritve so zajemale sAAA, sP in sK+. Lastnosti in stanje tesnobe so bile ocenjene z Inventarjem tesnobe (STAI). Ob osnovni vrednosti je bila povprečna vrednost sAAA 5,89±0,75 ln(U/mL) in se je znatno povečala na 6,56±0,58 ln(U/mL) tik pred treningom (p<0,05), nato pa še na 6,90±0,70 ln(U/mL) tik pred tekmovanjem (p<0,05 v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo). Povprečna vrednost sP se je progresivno, a neznačilno, povečala z 1,84±0,70 g/L na 2,28±0,97 g/L in 2,91±1,44 g/L. Povprečna vrednost sK+ je bila znatno višja pred tekmovanjem v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo (35,73±8,3 mmol/L proti 23,94±4,83 mmol/L, p<0,01). Povprečni rezultat za stanje tesnobe je bil znatno višji pred treningom v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo (36,90±11,03 proti 30,80±10,26, p<0,05) in pred tekmovanjem (40,10±9,57 proti 30,80±10,26, p<0,05). Zaključek: sAAA in sK+ sta bila v skladu z rezultati tesnobe in ju je mogoče uporabiti kot koristne in objektivne neinvazivne markerje stresa. sport rhythmic gymnastics saliva analysis salivary potassium anxiety markers performance anxiety šport ritmična gimnastika analiza sline kalij v slini markerji tesnobe tekmovalna tesnoba true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-03-11 08:59:36 2026-03-11 08:59:37 2026-03-25 12:30:33 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 100-118 no. 1 Vol. 31 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 796.412:616.89-008.441 1318-2269 10.52165/kinsi.31.1.100-118 239727619 07.+COMPETITIVE+STRESS+ASSESSMENT+USING_180525.pdf 07.+COMPETITIVE+STRESS+ASSESSMENT+USING_180525.pdf 1 50F912E6087E5F2052598167D51183CE ac010717e73169f0b0b745b7e6db29743a774bd9ac62371f547aa378d4ed0523 87665190-1d5c-11f1-b0ab-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=230147 https://journals.uni-lj.si/kinsi/article/view/21827 0 d35b651b-1d1f-11f1-a1ba-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=229975 Fakulteta za šport Kinesiologia Slovenica 0 0 0