20.500.12556/RUL-179224 Bark beetle-attacked and wind-damaged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees as a potential raw material for extractives recovery Bark beetle infestations and other natural disturbances have increasingly affected Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests across Europe resulting in devaluation and decreased applicability of woody biomass of such trees. The aim of this research was to investigate the extractive content of bark beetle-attacked and dead wind-damaged Norway spruce trees relative to healthy trees, in order to assess their potential for extractives recovery. After harvesting, three discs were dissected along the stem height of each tree, and samples of sapwood, heartwood, knots, and bark were collected. Sequential extraction of the samples was performed using cyclohexane and acetone–water mixture in an accelerated solvent extractor. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives were determined gravimetrically, while total phenols and proanthocyanidins were measured by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Results showed that knotwood contained the highest amounts of hydrophilic extractives and total phenols among investigated tissues. Knots of healthy trees contained the highest amount of hydrophilic extractives (52.4% w w−1), while knots of dead wind-damaged trees contained significantly higher content of total phenols (8.8% w w−1). The total phenols in bark beetle-attacked and healthy trees were 7.1% w w−1 and 7.2% w w−1, respectively. The sapwood and heartwood of dead wind-damaged trees had higher content of hydrophilic extractives (3.4% and 2.3% w w−1) than healthy and bark beetle-attacked trees. Bark from healthy trees contained more total phenols (2.7% w w−1) than bark of bark beetle-attacked trees, while proanthocyanidin contents in bark were comparable among three groups of trees. Our findings revealed that woody biomass from bark beetle-attacked and dead wind-damaged Norway spruce trees contains significant levels of phenolics, indicating high potential for extracting valuable compounds in biorefineries. Norway spruce natural disturbances bark beetle windthrow dead trees wood knots bark extractives total phenols proanthocyanidins proanthocyanidins Picea abies (L.) Karst navadna smreka naravne motnje lubadar vetrolom odmrla drevesa les grčr skorja ekstrati celokupni fenoli proantocianidini biorafinerija true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-02-09 08:32:33 2026-02-09 08:32:42 2026-02-10 04:26:30 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Str. 1-15 iss. 2 [article no. 183] Vol. 17 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 630*8 1999-4907 10.3390/f17020183 267710723 RAZ_Stolcer_Vanja_2026.pdf RAZ_Stolcer_Vanja_2026.pdf 1 3C32AC962734C9B867635F0B4A2BECF8 f043210d806fdf7ffd2295db6edbd0406316573f04e0f43633ebb0205cf37cb0 9fd99ec4-0589-11f1-a1ba-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=227524 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/2/183 1 62e874ea-0589-11f1-a1ba-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=227522 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0