20.500.12556/RUL-178892 Anatomska osnova za izbiro mesta intramuskularne injekcije diplomsko delo Anatomical basis for choosing the site of intramuscular injection diploma work Uvod: Intramuskularna injekcija je eden izmed parenteralnih načinov dajanja zdravil, ki omogoča hitro in zanesljivo učinkovanje. Zdravilo lahko vbrizgamo v deltoidno mišico, povrhnje glutealne mišice ter anteriorne stegenske mišice. Kljub rutinski uporabi intramuskularne injekcije so možni zapleti, ki se pojavljajo zaradi neustrezne tehnike ali napačne izbire mesta vbrizganja. Slednji so tesno povezani s topografijo posamezne regije. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil s pregledom literature opisati mišične regije, v katere intramuskularno injekcijo apliciramo, predstaviti standardna mesta aplikacije, tehnike njihovega določanja ter morebitne novosti. Cilj je izpostaviti dejavnike, ki prispevajo k varnem in učinkovitem izvajanju posega. Metode dela: V podatkovnih bazah Medline, ScienceDirect, Pubmed in Google Schoolar, DiKUL in COBISS smo opravili iskanje ustrezne literature. Iskali smo anatomske opise, klinične smernice, raziskave o varnosti aplikacije standardnih mest in tehnik vbrizganja ter priporočeno dolžino igle. V analizo smo dokončno vključili 87 enot literature. Rezultati: V deltoidno mišico najpogosteje vbrizgamo zdravilo pri odraslih, predvsem pri intramuskularni aplikaciji cepiva. V glutealni regiji lahko zdravilo vbrizgamo v dorzoglutealni ali ventroglutealni mišični predel. Ventroglutealni predel velja za varnejšega in bolj priporočljivega.V področju stegna lahko zdravilo vbrizgamo v premo stegensko mišico ali v lateralni vastus, pri čemer je vbrizganje zdravila v premo stegensko mišico odsvetovano. Resni zapleti intramuskularne injekcije so poškodba aksilarnega živca v deltoidni regiji, ishiadičnega živca v glutealni regiji ter femoralnega živca v stegenski regiji. Rezultati kažejo na neskladja med klinično prakso in obstoječimi smernicami za intramuskularno aplikacijo. To je najbolj izrazito v glutealni regiji, kjer smernice dorzoglutealno področje svetujejo le v izjemnih primerih, v klinični praksi pa je vseeno največkrat uporabljeno. Nekatere raziskave predlagajo uporabo alternativnih tehnik določanja standardnih mest ali uporabo alternativnih mest aplikacije. Telesna teža, spol in mišična masa pacienta ter lastnosti zdravila pomembno vplivajo na izbiro mesta in tehnike aplikacije ter dolžino in debelino igle. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovitve diplomskega dela poudarjajo potrebo po standardizaciji postopka intramuskularne injekcije. K večji varnosti bistveno prispevajo dobro poznavanje anatomije, uporaba preverjenih metod določanja varnega mesta, upoštevanje antropometričnih značilnosti pacienta in lastnosti zdravila pri izbiri mesta in dolžine igle. Pomemben dejavnik varne intramuskularne injekcije zdravil je torej strokovna usposobljenost zdravstvenih delavcev za ta poseg. Introduction: Intramuscular injection is a commonly used parenteral method that provides rapid and reliable drug action. Medications can be injected into the deltoid muscle, the superficial gluteal muscles, and the anterior thigh muscles. Although routinely practiced, the technique carries risks, often due to incorrect site selection or improper administration. These issues are closely related to regional anatomy. Purpose: This thesis aims to provide an overview of the muscle regions used for intramuscular injections, describe standard administration sites, and outline methods for locating them. It also highlights recent best practices in intramuscular injection. The goal is to identify factors that improve the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular injection, ultimately supporting better patient outcomes. Methods: A literature review was conducted using Medline, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, DiKUL, and COBISS. The review included anatomical descriptions, clinical guidelines, and studies examining safety in site selection, injection techniques, and needle dimensions. A total of 87 literature sources were included. Results: In adults, the deltoid muscle is the most frequently used, especially for vaccinations. In the gluteal region, injections are administered into the dorsogluteal or ventrogluteal areas, with preference for the ventrogluteal site due to greater safety. In the anterior thigh, injections can be placed into the vastus lateralis muscle and into the rectus femoris muscle, although the use of the rectus femoris muscle is generally discouraged. Serious complications include injury to the axillary nerve in the deltoid region, sciatic nerve in the gluteal region, and femoral nerve in the thigh region. Our results reveal discrepancies between clinical practice and existing guidelines, most notably in the gluteal region, where the dorsogluteal site remains frequently used despite limited recommendations. Several studies suggest alternate injection sites or improved site determination techniques. Factors such as body weight, sex, muscle mass, and drug properties significantly affect the site choice, technique, and needle dimensions. Discussion and conclusion: Our findings emphasize the need for standardization of this procedure. A thorough understanding of anatomy, careful site selection based on patient characteristics, and objective methods for needle selection are essential. The skill and competence of healthcare professionals also play a key role in ensuring safe and effective practice. diplomska dela zdravstvena nega intramuskularna injekcija tehnika aplikacije injekcije zapleti intramuskularne injekcije deltoidna regija ventroglutealna regija dorzoglutealna regija anteriorna stegenska loža diploma theses nursing care intramuscular injection intramuscular injection technique intramuscular injection complications deltoid region ventrogluteal region dorsogluteal region anterior compartment of thigh true false false [L. Salkić] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Diplomsko delo/naloga 2026-01-31 07:45:37 2026-01-31 07:45:49 2026-02-19 08:53:14 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Ljubljana 0 Ljubljana VIII, 50 str. 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 616-083 158430 266896899 57831.pdf 57831.pdf 1 53587F875D95ABEA463C2700CB99B0EC b1da1973bdf6ae8305d1e698a8b90622852b3f6196582c9ec069458ad8b0338d 6effe5ff-fe70-11f0-a1ba-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=226923 Zdravstvena fakulteta 0 0 0