20.500.12556/RUL-178043 Relative bias in health estimates from probability-based online panels systematic review and meta-analysis Introduction: Health surveys require the highest data quality, especially when they inform public health policies. With recent technological developments, probability-based online panels (PBOPs) are becoming an attractive cost-effective alternative to traditional surveys. They are also beginning to be used for official health statistics. However, PBOPs still face concerns about bias, especially for health-related estimates. Method: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of PBOP PBOP health survey data quality, with relative bias (RB) of the estimates as the effect size. We analysed 137 health-related survey items from 14 studies and used a linear regression model to examine factors that moderate RB. Results: The RB varied considerably across the subjects, and its overall median was 12.7%. The highest RBs were exhibited by disabilities (23.6%), mental illnesses (23.2%), personal mental health conditions (20.8%) and drug use (20.7%), and the lowest, by doctor’s treatment (2.24%). The measurement levels with ordinal scales (25.8%) showed higher RB, and certain country effects were also observed. Conclusion: This moderate bias of the health estimates raises concerns about the accuracy of PBOP estimates regarding sensitive health topics. Therefore, PBOP should be used cautiously for official health statistics; and when designing PBOP surveys for health subjects, the item and study characteristics should be included as methodological considerations. probability-based online panels data quality relative bias meta-analysis spletni paneli na podlagi verjetnosti kakovost podatkov relativna pristranskost metaanaliza true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-01-16 12:50:42 2026-01-16 12:50:48 2026-02-05 10:52:34 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 10-23 no. 1 Vol. 4 Jan.-Jun. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 303 2820-5480 10.33700/jhrs.4.1.137 242502147 02.+(p.10-23)-Ivanovska-JHRS-4-1.pdf 02.+(p.10-23)-Ivanovska-JHRS-4-1.pdf 1 27F690DE10712D1C5634903CF175D0D7 b06edac183aabeb0fd4a3673c8b3791a1a2081b55248df4c94b22b49c8b1c679 c36c8ce2-f2d1-11f0-bf92-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=225558 https://jhrs.almamater.si/jhrs/article/view/137 0 4c1e7f80-0278-11f1-a1ba-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=227281 Fakulteta za družbene vede 0 0 0