20.500.12556/RUL-176942 Operando impedance spectroscopy informed dynamic internal resistance compensation mitigates bubble-induced distortions of the applied potential Bubble formation during gas-evolving electrochemical reactions disrupts potential control and obscures intrinsic catalyst−performance relationships. While conventional strategies to mitigate this issue have relied on surface engineering or cell design, here we introduce a dynamic internal resistance (IR) compensation approach that adapts to bubble-induced fluctuations in real time. This was achieved by employing (i) operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which provided the electrolyte resistance (R$_{Ohm}$) parameter continuously, and (ii) a Python control loop to extract EIS data and dynamically adjust the IR compensation. This self-correcting approach effectively suppressed bubble-induced artifacts during prolonged electrochemical CO$_2$ reduction (ECO$_2$R) on copper, enabling accurate performance evaluation and reliable assessment of catalyst instability under realistic operating conditions. We argue that such control is essential in ECO$_2$R stability studies, where even minor potential shifts can obscure intrinsic catalyst−performance relationships and hinder mechanistic insight into degradation. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy operando EIS IR compensation bubbles stability electrochemical CO$_2$ reduction catalysts copper redox reactions selectivity kemijska tehnologija elektrokemija katalizatorji spektroskopija true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-12-16 09:28:52 2025-12-16 09:28:54 2025-12-26 03:52:50 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 2823–2830 iss. 12 Vol. 1 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 66 2997-0571 10.1021/acselectrochem.5c00368 261429251 operando-impedance-spectroscopy-informed-dynamic-internal-resistance-compensation-mitigates-bubble-induced-distortions.pdf operando-impedance-spectroscopy-informed-dynamic-internal-resistance-compensation-mitigates-bubble-induced-distortions.pdf 1 B7B0B011768C472D70D249DCA142D188 8a5de49f0cf8e514e433826c0d46da7d7dc4848382e7927967d587dde7184014 1cf98f1a-da59-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=223771 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acselectrochem.5c00368 1 d2ec674b-da58-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=223769 Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo 0 0 0