20.500.12556/RUL-176539 A systematic framework for assessing the temporally variable protective capacity of nature-based solutions against natural hazards Natural hazards pose an increasing threat to infrastructures, lives, and livelihoods in alpine regions due to climate change and the growing demand for settlement space. While grey protective structures are commonly deployed to provide immediate safety, their sustainability, and thus protective function, is limited by cost-intensive maintenance. Nature-based solutions (NbS) can alleviate these shortcomings by offering cost-effective, adaptive protection that strengthens over time, making their deployment a key factor in building resilience to climate-induced hazards. This paper introduces a systematic methodology for the strategic deployment of NbS to enhance climate resilience. It integrates a three-level hazard classification system with an expert-led assessment rating 74 NbS against 29 hazards. A subsequent Principal Component Analysis (PCA) synthesises these into six functional groupings based on their shared mitigation characteristics. The core of this framework introduces two key innovations: a novel Mitigation Score and a Hazard Mitigation Profile. Together, they evaluate NbS effectiveness dynamically through the different phases of natural hazards, surpassing traditional static ratings by evaluating NbS performance across the hazard management cycle—from predisposition to post-event recovery. Significant variation in mitigation scoring was observed for individual hazard classes and types. Erosion processes (e.g., sheet, rill, and gully erosion) achieved the highest mitigation scores (1.90), as they can be addressed by many highly effective NbS (21–33 types). Conversely, flood-related hazards, such as fluvial and pluvial floods, showed moderate scores (1.64–1.66) with a balanced mix of mitigative and supportive NbS, while options for mitigating impact floods and coastal floods were far more limited (1.00–1.42). The resulting methodology provides a crucial, practical link between specific climate-related threats and viable, nature-based responses, serving as a robust framework to guide the decisions of planners, engineers, and policymakers. By enabling a more strategic and temporally aware deployment of NbS, our findings inform the development of adaptive management strategies to ensure their long-term effectiveness. nature-based solutions (NbS) natural hazards mitigation and protection climate change adaptation critical infrastructure mitigation scoring hazard profiles sonaravne rešitve (NbS) naravne nesreče blaženje in varstvo prilagajanje podnebnim spremembam kritična infrastruktura ocenjevanje blaženja profili nevarnosti true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-12-03 11:39:23 2025-12-03 11:39:34 2025-12-22 03:59:52 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 28 str. issue 12, art. 318 Vol. 10 Nov. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 502.131.1:69 2412-3811 10.3390/infrastructures10120318 259755011 Kuschel...-A_Systematic_Framework_for_Assessing_the_Temporally_Variable_Protective_Capacity_of_Nature-Based_Solutions_Against_Natural_Hazards.pdf Kuschel...-A_Systematic_Framework_for_Assessing_the_Temporally_Variable_Protective_Capacity_of_Nature-Based_Solutions_Against_Natural_Hazards.pdf 1 5F304EB05D3719C79E61754FC8B4483E 2d1e1ac7b23440227341ef233fab81d8f7adfc632050faa7bb6d00126e0aabdf e7349e72-d034-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=222926 https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/12/318 1 fa85354e-d033-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=222925 Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo 0 0 0