20.500.12556/RUL-176478 Spatiotemporal analysis of Escherichia coli membrane permeabilization and uptake kinetics induced by a single microbubble cavitation event A single cavitation microbubble can transiently disrupt the cellular membrane, providing a chemicalfree, targeted drug delivery mechanism. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane permeabilization in an Escherichia coli (E. coli) monolayer exposed to a single cavitation event. Using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and propidium iodide (PI) uptake as a marker of membrane disruption, we tracked the response of 5565 individual cells around the center of the cavitation event over timescales from microseconds to minutes and spatial scales from 1 to 165 µm. PI uptake rates exhibited a strong spatial dependence, with cells closer to the cavitation center showing rapid and extensive permeabilization. A modified Goldman equation describing PI concentrations inside and outside the cells was used and related to the spatiotemporal measurements of fluorescence intensity. The model accurately captured the first-order PI uptake kinetics, which resulted in saturated fluorescence intensity profiles. Additionally, the model predicted an exponential decay of permeability post-cavitation, implicitly suggesting that pore-resealing dynamics were taking place. Membrane permeability decreased with distance as 1/r, with a characteristic decay time of approximately 3.4 min. Our model thus predicts cell damage induced by a single cavitation event in both space and time. In the present case, where the cavitation bubble reached maximum radius of 29.7 µm, we found that at a distance of 11 µm from the cavitation center,~50% of cell membranes are damaged and permeable to PI, but a pore-resealing mechanism reduces this damage to~1% after 10 min. Our results are consistent with existing sonoporation studies and offer novel insights for optimizing cavitationassisted drug delivery and biofilm disruption strategies. cavitation bacterial cells poration propidium iodide uptake Goldman equation kavitacija bakterijske celice poracija privzem propidijevega jodida Goldmanova enačba true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-12-02 09:59:31 2025-12-02 09:59:39 2025-12-21 04:13:39 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 12 str. 15, art. 42593 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 577 2045-2322 10.1038/s41598-025-26554-4 259523587 s41598-025-26554-4.pdf s41598-025-26554-4.pdf 1 FEB084310BAC0872C8B766AB89540E94 a429e93f2ed0ca1dd1db187fb9c3d0754104ab719a1a3829aa5b762c35da9a7e fa5319a8-cf5c-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=222824 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-26554-4 1 db3144ad-cf5c-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=222823 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Fakulteta za strojništvo Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0