20.500.12556/RUL-175606 CBGA-rich Cannabis sativa subcritical water vs supercritical ▫$CO_2$▫ and organic solvent extraction cannabinoids, volatiles and antioxidant activity Subcritical water extraction (SWE) was evaluated as an alternative to conventional and modern extraction methods for the recovery of cannabinoids, volatile compounds and antioxidants from CBGA-rich hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). A 2^3 full factorial design of experiments (DoE) was applied to optimize the SWE conditions. The extraction yield was determined gravimetrically, and antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content were analysed using spectrophotometric methods. HPLC was used to quantify cannabinoids, while GC-MS was applied for the volatile compound analysis of the essential oil and condensed aqueous phase obtained through Clevenger distillation. SWE achieved a yield of 35.9 % and a high antioxidant activity, which is comparable to Soxhlet and high-pressure ethanol extraction methods. The temperature and the drug-to-solvent ratio were identified as significant factors affecting the yield, with Soxhlet extraction yielding the highest CBG content (36.1 %) and high-pressure ethanol extraction yielding the highest CBGA content (17.4 %). GC-MS analysis revealed that the essential oil was rich in sesquiterpenes (82.5 %), while the aqueous phase contained predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes (35.0 %). In conclusion, SWE is a promising method for obtaining hemp extracts with a high antioxidant activity and favourable yields, making it a potential sustainable alternative to conventional extraction methods. antioxidant activity cannabinoids cannabis sativa subcritical water extraction volatile compounds antioksidativno delovanje kanabinoidi Cannabis sativa ekstrakcija s subkritično vodo hlapne spojine ekstrakcija kanabinoidi true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-11-06 07:25:22 2025-11-06 07:25:27 2025-12-12 04:00:32 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 10 str. [article no.] 121950 Vol. 236 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 66.061.3:615.322:633.522 1872-633X 10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121950 250737667 1-s2.0-S0926669025014967-main.pdf 1-s2.0-S0926669025014967-main.pdf 1 2C974B8277F375C1F2D6AA51DA1D5153 5c6819be533041e628f3b96ecc3536deb44f937ebad35ec7b34f918fb13ea9ba 5cd4c30b-bad9-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=221431 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669025014967 1 11f70c78-bad9-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=221430 Fakulteta za farmacijo 0 0 0