20.500.12556/RUL-174598 The importance of multifaceted approach for accurate and comprehensive evaluation of oxidative stress status in biological systems Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of antioxidant defense system, which disrupts redox signaling and causes molecular damage. While there are numerous methods to measure oxidative stress, the complex and dynamic nature of ROS production and antioxidant reactions requires a multi-faceted approach. Direct methods such as electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescent probes measure ROS directly but are limited by the short lifespan of certain species. Indirect methods such as lipid peroxidation markers (e.g., malondialdehyde, MDA), protein oxidation (e.g., carbonyl content), and DNA damage (e.g., 8-oxo-dG) provide information on oxidative damage, but they do not capture the real-time dynamics of ROS. The antioxidant defense system, which includes enzymatic components such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), further complicates assessment, as it responds dynamically to oxidative challenges. Furthermore, the compartmentalized nature of ROS production in organelles and tissues coupled with the temporal variability of oxidative damage and repair underscores the need to integrate multiple assessment methods. This commentary highlights the limitations of using single assays and emphasizes the importance of combining complementary techniques to achieve a comprehensive assessment of oxidative stress. A multi-method approach ensures accurate identification of ROS dynamics, antioxidant responses, and the extent of oxidative damage, providing crucial insights into redox biology and its impact on health and disease. oxidative stress reactive oxygen species antioxidants true false true Angleški jezik Ni določen Članek v reviji 2025-10-06 14:20:14 2025-10-06 14:20:16 2025-11-21 03:48:46 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 28 str. iss. 9, art. 1083 Vol. 14 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2025-01-01 577 2076-3921 10.3390/antiox14091083 251926531 antioxidants-14-01083.pdf antioxidants-14-01083.pdf 1 A2BEFD6D07D2486DF17F2130FCAE523D 969463d6ba54442f59933db8f148eecdc35bf3747911bfb0d4357179185ab5d0 dd8db31a-a2ae-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=219438 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/9/1083 1 96a004f4-a2ae-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=219437 Zdravstvena fakulteta Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0