20.500.12556/RUL-173660 Temperature-adaptive torque allocation for all wheel drive electric trucks Electrification of heavy-duty trucks is of great interest since it would bring substantial benefits in terms of reduce emissions (>80%) of road transport) and noise pollution. This study investigates energy-optimized torque allocation for a 370 kW all-wheel-drive electric truck under variable temperatures. The novel approach incorporates electric machine temperature dynamics into the modelling process, recognizing that the electric machine temperature varies with load and speed. A high-fidelity, multi-physical model of the permanent magnet synchronous machine is developed enabling analysis of electric, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal phenomena, including their cross-influence. The model dynamically updates electric machines’ characteristics and component loss rates as a function of temperature and integrates this information into a control strategy that adaptively allocates torque between axles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this temperature-adaptive torque control represents a novel contribution. Therefore, the novel strategy optimally distributed torque between axles based on the temperature-dependent loss characteristics of each motor to minimize overall energy consumption. The result is compared with two conventional techniques: (1) fixed torque ratio distribution, and (2) fixed-temperature optimal torque allocation using efficiency maps generated at −20℃ and +50℃. For the Eskisehir cycle, the proposed method reduces power consumption by up to 2% and 3%, respectively, within operating temperature range of −20℃ to 180℃. Further analysis of a hypothetical cycle indicates that energy savings may increase to 3% and 7%, demonstrating the drive cycle’s decisive effect. This work advances the integration of thermal dynamics into vehicle level control, offering practical pathways to improve efficiency up to 7%, in electric heavy duty vehicles. electric machine thermal model energy optimization electrification heavy duty trucks torque allocation električni stroj termičn model energijska optimizacija elektrifikacija težki tovornjaki porazdeljevanje navora true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-09-19 12:50:10 2025-09-19 12:50:18 2025-10-14 03:41:39 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 15 str. art.126846 Vol. 276 1 Okt. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 621.313/.314 1873-5606 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126846 236302339 1-s2.0-S1359431125014383-main.pdf 1-s2.0-S1359431125014383-main.pdf 1 B0A332C4FDBD5A5AA19865A6DFAAB25A 179247319b73f07bae749b55ab1d8e0ffc92a7b4c84712901108576701d51e10 801a3ef9-9546-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=218294 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431125014383 1 41ef8483-9546-11f0-9328-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=218293 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko 0 0 0