20.500.12556/RUL-170449 Gensko spremenjene rastline s povečano vsebnostjo aminokislin in proteinov Genetically modified plants with increased amino acid and protein content Pomanjkanje aminokislin in proteinov v prehrani se odraža v presnovnih motnjah, ki so pogoste v državah v razvoju. V nevarnosti pomanjkanja nekaterih esencialnih aminokislin pa so tudi posamezniki, ki uživajo vegetarijansko prehrano, saj so aminokisline: cistein, metionin, lizin, treonin in triptofan v rastlinskih živilih skromno zastopane. Poskusi klasičnega žlahtnjenja v povečanju vsebnosti aminokislin so bili večinoma neuspešni, kadar pa je do povečanja prišlo, je bilo to ob hkratnem zmanjšanju količine pridelka. Cilj bi lahko dosegli z uporabo genskega inženiringa in novejših orodij za tarčno preurejanje genoma. Pri genskem inženiringu so bili največ uporabljeni štirje različni pristopi: i) povečanje sinteze esencialnih aminokislin, ii) zmanjšanje njihovega katabolizma, iii) izražanje založnih proteinov v semenu, bogatih s temi aminokislinami in iv) supresija gena, ki kodira založni protein semena in je reven v vsebnosti ene izmed teh aminokislin. Vendar pa v Evropski uniji za področje gensko spremenjenih rastlin velja stroga regulativa, trenutno tudi za vse rastline, ki so pridobljene z metodami preurejanja genoma. Od leta 2023 se obeta sprememba v regulativi na področju novih genomskih tehnik (NGT). Tako imenovane rastline NGT1 s spremembo do 20 nukleotidov, bi imele poenostavljen postopek odobritve in manj strogo regulativo. V skupini NGT2 pa bi bile vse ostale rastline za katere bi veljala zakonodaja o gensko spremenjenih organizmih. A deficiency of amino acids and proteins in the diet is reflected in metabolic disorders, which are common in developing countries. However, individuals following a vegetarian diet may also be at risk of a deficiency in certain essential amino acids, as amino acids such as cysteine, methionine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan are present only in limited amounts in plant-based foods. Traditional breeding efforts to increase amino acid content have mostly been unsuccessful, and when increases were achieved, they were often accompanied by a reduction in crop yield. The goal could potentially be achieved through the use of genetic engineering and newer tools for targeted genome editing. In genetic engineering, four main strategies have been employed: i) enhancing the synthesis of essential amino acids, ii) reducing their catabolism, iii) expressing storage proteins in seeds that are rich in these amino acids, and iv) suppressing genes that encode seed storage proteins poor in one of these amino acids. However, in the European Union, genetically modified plants are subject to strict regulations, which currently also apply to all plants developed through genome editing techniques. As of 2023, changes in regulations regarding new genomic techniques (NGTs) are expected. The so-called NGT1 plants, with alterations of up to 20 nucleotides, would be subject to a simplified approval process and less stringent regulation. The NGT2 category would include all other plants still falling under the legislation governing genetically modified organisms. gensko spremenjene rastline genski inženiring preurejanje genoma regulativa vsebnost aminokisline proteini genetically modified plants genetic engineering genome editing regulation content amino acids proteins true false false Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Diplomsko delo/naloga 2025-07-06 07:16:32 2025-07-06 07:16:38 2025-07-07 12:49:18 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 257741 241618179 48388.pdf 48388.pdf 1 D9F469066697FE7690407A8F0729D1C3 d0b40d1828525f7748678cb7ce7c0ef6bfc87707e75e4b1da168dda79c7c1814 7bda28c9-5a26-11f0-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=212453 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0