20.500.12556/RUL-169616 Robustness of unsupervised methods for image surface-anomaly detection Surface-anomaly detection is a critical challenge in ensuring product quality, as defects can pose safety risks and diminish product lifespan. A significant challenge in this domain is the limited availability of anomalous samples which makes training supervised models impractical. In response, unsupervised deep-learning-based methods have attracted significant attention in recent years, as they do not require anomalous samples for training. Such methods assume that during dataset curation all anomalous samples can be identified and subsequently removed from the training set. In practice, however, identifying all anomalous samples without any false negatives is rarely possible, either due to the human errors or due to the ambiguity in what is considered a defect and what is not. In this paper, we address the need to measure the robustness of the unsupervised surface-anomaly detection methods as one of the most important performance metrics. To this end, we propose a robustness measure that describes the sensitivity of an unsupervised method to the presence of anomalous data in the training set. We extensively evaluate seven well established unsupervised methods that follow different anomaly detection paradigms on four diverse datasets and analyze the results. We show that most of the analyzed methods are fairly robust to low percentages of anomalous samples in the training set, with some of them retaining the near-baseline performance even when that percentage grows fairly large. surface anomaly detection anomaly detection robustness industrial inspection visual inspection quality control deep learning Industry 4.0 detekcija površinskih anomalij robustnost vizualni pregled kontrola kakovosti globoko učenje industrija 4.0 true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-06-06 09:07:50 2025-06-06 09:07:53 2025-06-08 04:25:32 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 12 str. iss. 2, art. 99 Vol. 28 Jun. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 004.93:004.85 1433-7541 10.1007/s10044-025-01477-y 238049795 s10044-025-01477-y.pdf s10044-025-01477-y.pdf 1 F0BEDBA4F99D44612DFC4AB640C8671D a3b0cc5270f3f5956d799f40f9ef436092fc75fb40a44d7613097486ab7c8f5c 1ac7e79f-42a4-11f0-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=211124 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10044-025-01477-y 1 a53329a8-42a3-11f0-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=211123 Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko 0 0 0