20.500.12556/RUL-169109 Quantitative analysis of trace-level bleomycin in complex matrices application to in vitro electrochemotherapy Bleomycin, a cytotoxic antibiotic, poses substantial challenges for mass spectrometry-based analysis due to its extreme polarity, chelating properties, heterogeneity of fractions, and propensity to form multiple charged species during electrospray ionization. As one of the few effective drugs used in electrochemotherapy, the ability to quantify trace levels of bleomycin is critical for evaluating treatment efficacy, often requiring sensitivity beyond the capabilities of existing analytical methods. Such precise quantification would facilitate the evaluation of electrochemotherapy efficacy, such as comparing the in vitro effects of nanosecond electric pulses with conventional microsecond pulses. To address these challenges, we integrated cell viability assays with a robust chemical analytical approach. This approach employed solid-phase extraction for sample preparation, combined with HILIC-LC-MS/MS, achieving exceptional sensitivity with LLOQ of 0.075 µg/L and overcoming analyte and matrix complexity. Although a significant reduction in cell survival was confirmed when combining nanosecond pulses (25 × 400 ns) with bleomycin, chemical analysis revealed discrepancies, underscoring the complex interaction between electric pulse parameters and drug action. These findings highlight the need for further refinement of treatment protocols and the development of advanced analytical techniques. bleomycin electrochemotherapy trace level tandem mass spectrometry sensitivity electroporation bleomicin elektrokemoterapija natančnost meritev antineoplastični antibiotiki elektroporacija masna spektrometrija true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2025-05-12 14:11:19 2025-05-12 14:11:26 2025-05-13 04:01:27 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 9 str. Vol. 263, art. 116927 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 543 1873-264X 10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116927 234857987 1-s2.0-S0731708525002687-main.pdf 1-s2.0-S0731708525002687-main.pdf 1 4E493A84CF9C8E0D792DE3563724C0E9 de3f256b08eec0ee8cccb2a569292b21d613a21887bb020dde8994e70301d292 7f4b6645-2f29-11f0-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=210275 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0731708525002687 1 053a7766-2f29-11f0-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=210274 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko 0 0 0