20.500.12556/RUL-163521 Judje v manjših štajerskih mestih v srednjem veku Jews in smaller Styrian towns in the middle ages Za nalogo smo si v razpravi zadali odgovoriti na nekaj ključnih vprašanj, vezanih predvsem na čas in vzrok prihoda judov v posamezne spodnještajerske urbane kraje. Kot vzorčne primere smo izbrali manjše kraje, kjer je judovska navzočnost zabeležena v dokumentih. Zaključiti smemo, da se vloga deželnih gospodov, predvsem Habsburžanov, kaže kot ključna pri spodbujanju in podpiranju judov pri odločitvi, da se naselijo v določenem kraju. To se verjetno najbolj jasno vidi pri različnih zgodbah dveh mejnih mestec, Ormoža in Brežic, obeh v lasti salzburškega nadškofa. Obe mesti sta torej last salzburškega nadškofa, toda če se je Ormož predvsem zaradi samosvoje politike družine Ptujskih in njihove naslonitve na štajerske vojvode tesne zveze s Salzburgom v veliki meri otresel, je ta podreditev oz. salzburška nadvlada ostala v Brežicah zelo izrazita. To povzroči, da v Ormožu pride do poskusa (sicer relativno kratkotrajnega, pa vendar) nastanka ormoške judovske skupnosti, medtem ko v Brežicah ni o čem podobnem ne duha ne sluha. Angažma štajerskih vojvod pa je najbolje viden na primeru (Slovenske) Bistrice, kjer je očitno, da je ravno njihov interes tisti, ki je ne samo omogočil prihod judov v mesto, temveč tudi v veliki meri uravnaval njihovo delovanje. Tudi primer Slovenj Gradca kaže na podoben vzorec. Tudi tu je za prihod judov v mesto odločilen vpliv deželnega gospoda, le da je ta v tem primeru izražen posredno, skozi delovanje deželnoministerialne družine Aufensteinov, ki pa je bilo brez dvoma povsem usklajeno z željami njihovega gospoda, koroškega vojvode. Iz celotne slike še najbolj izstopa primer Dravograda, kjer imamo opravka z dokaj nenavadnim momentom, ko se, kot kaže, štajerski judje (vsaj tako kaže dejstvo, da se podredijo sodniku za jude iz Gradca) naselijo v kraju. Ravno primer Dravograda tudi kaže, kako majhno količino podatkov imamo na razpolago, saj ni jasen niti čas prihoda in s tem dolgotrajnost tega niti povezava dravograjskih judov z morebitnimi skupnostmi iz koroškega oz. štajerskega prostora. Usoda juda Davida iz Dravograda na Dunaju kaže le na to, da je bila njegova povezanost z Dravogradom zelo velika in je morala presegati zgolj kratkotrajno bivanje. Vsekakor pa je mogoče zaključiti, da ne samo, da je bila vloga deželnih gospodov (pričakovano) tista, ki je v največji meri krojila prisotnost oz. neprisotnost judov po posameznih krajih, temveč tudi to, da je še prav posebej izpostavljena vloga Habsburžanov (in Tirolskih kot koroških vojvod) kot štajerskih deželnih gospodov. Različna pristopa k (ne)prisotnosti judov lahko vidimo skozi primerjavo salzburških Brežic, kjer jude zaman iščemo, in salzburškega Ormoža, kjer so prisotni v 14. stoletju. Poudarjeno vlogo Habsburžanov pa nam prinaša tudi analiza gradiva mesta Slovenska Bistrica. Vsekakor pa bo za več odgovorov treba tej analizi dodati še podobno za kranjsko deželo in za prostor Goriške in Istre. For the purpose of this paper, we have set out to answer some key questions of the debate, mainly relating to the timing and cause of the arrival of the Jews in individual smaller urban locations. We have selected smaller cities where the Jewish presence is recorded in the documents as prime examples. We have to note that the role of the sovereigns, especially the Habsburgs, has proved to be crucial in encouraging and supporting the Jews in their decision to settle in a particular place. This is probably most evident in the different histories of the two border towns of Ormož and Brežice, both of which are owned by the Archbishop of Salzburg. Both towns are therefore owned by the Archbishop of Salzburg, but while Ormož was largely owned by the Ptuj family and their close ties with Salzburg were largely shaken due to their support on Styrian Dukes, the subjugation of the Salzburg rule in Brežice remained very pronounced. This is also shown by the fact that Ormož (though relatively short-lived) experienced the formation of the Jewish community of Ormož, while there is nothing comparable in Brežice. However, the commitment of Styrian Dukes seems to be best in the case of the (Slovenian) Bistrica, where it is clear that their interest that has not only made the arrival of Jews in the town possible, but also largely regulated their activities. The case of Slovenj Gradec also points to a similar pattern. Here, too, the influence of the landed gentry is decisive for the arrival of the Jews in the city, but in this case it is indirectly expressed through the actions of the Aufensteiner landed gentry, which was undoubtedly entirely in the spirit of their master, the Duke of Carinthia. From the overall picture, the example of Dravograd stands out most, where we are dealing with a rather unusual moment when the Jews from Styria (at least as the fact that they are subject to the judge for the Jews of Graz) settle down in one place. Especially the example of Dravograd shows how small the amount of data is, because neither the time of arrival and thus the longevity of the data is clear, nor the connection of Dravograd Jews with potential communities from Carinthia or Styria. The fate of Jew David from Dravograd in Vienna only shows that the connection with Dravograd was very tight and had to go beyond a purely short-term stay. In any case, it can be concluded that it was not only the role of Provincial Lords that largely controlled the presence or absence of Jews in individual places, but that the role of the Habsburgs (and Tyroleans as Dukes of Carinthia) as Styrian sovereigns is also particularly exposed. Different approaches to the (non-)presence of Jews can be seen in the comparison of the Salzburg town of Brežic, where Jews are freely sought, and the Salzburg town of Ormož, where they were freely sought in the 14th century. The emphasis on the Habsburgs is also brought to our attention by the analysis of the material of the town Slovenska Bistrica In any case, this analysis must be added for further answers in a similar way for the Kranjska region and for the Goriška and Istra regions. srednji vek mesta Judje Štajerska Koroška middle ages towns Jews Styria Carinthia true false true Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Članek v reviji 2024-10-08 11:36:09 2024-10-08 11:36:09 2024-10-10 03:42:09 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2021 0 0 Str. 219-241 št. 1 Letn. 76 2021 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2021-01-01 94(497.4)"04/14"(=411.16) 2335-4127 10.34291/Edinost/76/Ravnikar 60949251 Ravnikar.pdf Ravnikar.pdf 1 1396A02B22C6CD2CBFF1A94224C4836F d948bbdf440138e2dcc9f1ae21c9a7991d7b4dc5bb2396c126313a52dcea8b03 92d3e1ee-8558-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=193273 https://www.teof.uni-lj.si/zaloznistvo/edinost-in-dialog/edinost-in-dialog-76-2021-1 0 0f596118-8559-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=193278 Teološka fakulteta Edinost in dialog 0 0 0