20.500.12556/RUL-163365 Herem in pojmovanje svete vojne v tradicionalnem judovstvu Herem and the concept of holy war in traditional Judaism Judovstvo v svojih tradicionalnih izrazih, ki so zajeti v Tori in Talmudu, pozna koncept svete vojne, ki ga označuje na poseben način: kot vojno uničenja pod Božjo zakletvijo – herem. Toda že v odlomkih Peteroknjižja je mogoče zaznati, da »heremska« sveta vojna ni razumljena statično, ampak gre skozi razvoj: od genocidne vojne proti malikovalskim ljudstvom na primeru 4 Mz 21 do vojne z omejitvami v 5 Mz 20. Poseben preobrat ponudijo preroška besedila, ki koncept herema postavijo kot ogledalo za moralni propad bibličnega Izraela (Jer 25,8-14). Rabinsko judovstvo Mišne in Talmuda na podlagi omenjenih svetopisemskih besedil nato opusti vojaško rabo pojma herem in ga razume v pomenu duhovne discipline, ki zadeva izključitev brezbožnih elementov iz skupnosti. Poleg tega uvede tipologijo, ki je v grobem razdeljena na zapovedano in izbirno vojno. Večinsko mnenje rabinov omeji zapovedano ali obvezno vojno na Jozuetovo vojno. Dodatna rabinska omejitev je t. i. Trojna zaobljuba, v kateri se Judje zavežejo, da ne bodo na silo pospeševali ustanovitve samostojne politične entitete. Razlog za tovrstno »ogrado« je tudi v katastrofalnih neuspehih judovsko-rimskih vojn. Izročilo ponovno interpretira Mojzes Majmonid, ki razlaga zapovedano vojno čedalje bolj v kontekstu duhovnega boja in prenove judovske vere. Vojno sicer vidi kot potencialno sredstvo za obrambo judovskega naroda, a nikoli ne v smislu spreobračanja ali napadalne ekspanzije. Na podlagi teh tradicionalnih razumevanj lahko postavimo tezo, da judovstvo ne dovoljuje t. i. svete vojne in se zatorej izogiba militantnemu nasilju, upravičenemu z božanskim ukazom. Judaism, in its traditional expressions, which are contained in the Torah and Talmud, knows the concept of holy war, which it characterizes in a special way: as a war of destruction under God’s oath – herem. But even the passages of the Pentateuch enable to perceive that the ‘heremic’ holy war is not understood statically but goes through a development: from the genocidal war against the idolatrous peoples in the example of Numbers 21:2- 3, to a war with certain limitations in Deuteronomy 20. A special twist is offered by the prophetic texts, which place the concept of herem as a mirror for the moral collapse of biblical Israel (Jeremiah 25:8-14). The Rabbinic Judaism of the Mishnah and Talmud, on the basis of the aforementioned biblical texts, then abandons the military use of the term herem and understands it in the sense of spiritual discipline, which concerns the exclusion of ungodly elements from the community. In addition, Talmud introduces a typology that is roughly divided into commanded and optional war. The majority opinion of the rabbis limits the commanded or obligatory war to Joshua’s war. An additional rabbinic restriction is the so-called Three Oaths, in which Jews promise not to forcibly establish an independent political entity. The reason for this kind of ‘enclosure’ is also in the catastrophic failures of the Jewish-Roman wars. The tradition is reinterpreted by Moses Maimonides, who interprets the commanded war more and more in the context of spiritual struggle and renewal of the Jewish faith. He does see war as a potential means of defending the Jewish nation, but never in the sense of conversion or expansion. Based on these traditional understandings, we can postulate that Judaism does not allow so-called holy war and therefore avoids militant violence justified by divine command. herem sveta vojna judovstvo Izrael Talmud Mišna Tora Peteroknjižje Majmonid herem holy war Judaism Israel Talmud Mishnah Torah Pentateuch Maimonides true false true Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Članek v reviji 2024-10-04 13:30:08 2024-10-04 13:30:08 2024-10-09 03:45:05 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2022 0 0 Str. 107-134 št. 2 Letn. 77 2022 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2022-01-01 26:27-242.4-768 2335-4127 10.34291/Edinost/77/02/Lulik 135390467 Lulik.pdf Lulik.pdf 1 185616A7745FFE3F3D680E055275259B 2b841838d1eb5f5896625f1f4c93391b943805b638979ce8aecf186f0748456d d8a3cac3-8243-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=192951 https://www.teof.uni-lj.si/zaloznistvo/edinost-in-dialog/edinost-in-dialog-77-2022-2 0 8f8cb169-8244-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=192956 Teološka fakulteta Edinost in dialog 0 0 0