20.500.12556/RUL-162969 Evolucija jezika in komunikacije: med saltacionizmom in gradualizmom Magistrsko delo Evolution of Language and Communication: Between Saltationism and Gradualism Vprašanje izvora in evolucije jezika je eno izmed najbolj temeljnih, a tudi eno izmed najbolj spekulativnih filozofskih vprašanj. V tej nalogi bom primerjal dve teoriji izvora in evolucije jezika: Berwickovo in Chomskyjevo saltacionistično teorijo in Tomasellovo gradualistično teorijo. V prvem poglavju bom najprej na kratko orisal zgodovino Chomskyjevega minimalističnega programa, katerega izsledke poskušata Berwick in Chomsky integrirati v raziskovalni program biolingvistike, v okviru katerega snujeta svojo teorijo izvora in evolucije jezika. Kot trdita Berwick in Chomsky, je jezik vzniknil kot posledica minimalne reorganizacije človeških možganov, ki je porodila operacijo sestavljanja (Merge). Po kratki predstavitvi operacije sestavljanja se bom dotaknil nekaterih problematičnih implikacij njune teorije, predvsem njune kršitve darvinističnega zakona, da narava ne dela preskokov, ter implikacij njune teorije za razlago razmerja med jezikom in mišljenjem. V prvem delu bom predstavil tudi tako imenovani Kripkensteinov argument, ki ga je sam Chomsky označil za enega najzanimivejših argumentov proti pojmovni zasnovi tvorbene slovnice. Wittgensteinovska filozofska kritika mi bo utrla pot v drugi del naloge, v katerem se bom posvetil Tomasellovi gradualistični teoriji, na katero je Wittgensteinova filozofska misel znatno vplivala. Tomasello nasprotuje Berwickovi in Chomskyjevi ideji, da je jezik vzniknil kot posledica nenadne in minimalne reorganizacije možganov, in namesto tega trdi, da se je jezik razvijal skozi več faz, ki so se oblikovale pod pritiski kulturne evolucije. Kot bom pokazal, Tomasello na podlagi številnih empiričnih raziskav iz področij primatologije in usvajanja jezika oblikuje dober argument, vendar nazadnje zapade ideji, da lahko evolucijo jezika razložimo s pojmi konvencionalizacije. Povedal bom, zakaj se ne strinjam s takšno konstruktivistično razlago, in zaključil, da bi bilo nekatere Tomasellove pojmovne razločke ter empirične izsledke vredno integrirati v program tvorbene slovnice. V zaključku se bom tudi opredelil do implikacij obeh teorij za pojmovanje človeške narave. The question of the origin and evolution of language is one of the most fundamental, but also one of the most speculative philosophical questions. In this assignment, I will compare two theories of the origin and evolution of language: Berwick and Chomsky's saltationist theory and Tomasello's gradualist theory. In the first chapter, I will first briefly outline the history of Chomsky's minimalist program, the findings of which Berwick and Chomsky try to integrate into the research program of biolinguistics, within the framework of which they devise their theory of the origin and evolution of language. As Berwick and Chomsky argue, language arose as a result of a minimal reorganization of the human brain that gave rise to the operation Merge. After a brief presentation of this operation, I will touch on some problematic implications of their theory, especially their violation of the Darwinian law that nature does not make leaps, and the implications of their theory for explaining the relationship between language and thought. In the first part, I will also present the so called Kripkenstein's argument, which Chomsky himself called one of the most interesting arguments against the conceptual design of generative grammar. Wittgenstein's philosophical criticism will pave the way for the second part of the assignment, in which I will focus on Tomasello's gradualist theory, which was significantly influenced by Wittgenstein's philosophical thought. Tomasello opposes Berwick and Chomsky's idea that language arose as a result of a sudden and minimal reorganization of the brain, arguing instead that language developed through several phases shaped by the pressures of cultural evolution. As I will show, Tomasello builds a good argument based on a number of empirical studies in the fields of primatology and language acquisition, but ultimately falls for the idea that the evolution of language can be explained in terms of conventionalization. I will say why I do not agree with such a constructivist interpretation, and conclude that some of Tomasello's conceptual distinctions and empirical findings would be worth integrating into the generativist program. In the conclusion, I will also define the implications of both theories for the conception of human nature. evolucija jezika evolucija komunikacije saltacionizem gradualizem evolucijska teorija minimalistični program filozofija jezika evolution of language evolution of communication saltationism gradualism evolutionary theory minimalist program philosophy of language true false false J. Bombač Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2024-09-30 08:19:12 2024-09-30 08:19:16 2024-12-04 11:20:21 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 Ljubljana 0 Ljubljana 80 str. 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 1970-01-01 81'1 557088 217607171 41273.pdf 41273.pdf 1 29681D7260843BBC64F0DB1130A3861C e3756f859a85a8af8b6d3b1c51303c17a3f389778f0f148e487515e56a614047 c62a7cd0-7ef3-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=192415 Filozofska fakulteta 0 0 0