20.500.12556/RUL-161407 Stanje in obdelava bolnišničnih odpadnih vod v Sloveniji The condition and treatment of hospital wastewaters in Slovenia Bolnišnične odpadne vode so vode, ki nastajajo pri dejavnosti bolnišnice. Imajo značilne fizikalne, kemijske in biološke lastnosti. V njih pa se nahajajo povečane koncentracije farmacevtikov, ki se iz pacientov izločajo med zdravljenjem (antibiotiki, antikonvulzanti, antineoplastični agensi, hormoni, lipidni regulatorji, nesteroidna protivnetna zdravila, psihoterapevtiki in drugi). Tako so ti v odpadnih vodah lahko prisotni kot originalne spojine ali pa kot metaboliti. Pri vnosu v okolje lahko te spojine v majhnih koncentracijah dolgotrajno delujejo na organizme in tako predstavljajo nevarnost. Čiščenje bolnišničnih odpadnih vod na mestu njihovega nastanka priporoča Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija, Evropska unija pa predpisuje Nadzorni seznam snovi, katerih prisotnost v površinskih vodah naj bi države članice preverjale. V Sloveniji zakonodaja bolnišnicam predpisuje redne obratovalne monitoringe nastalih industrijskih odpadnih vod, v katerih se ne preverja prisotnosti farmacevtikov. Pri pregledu obratovalnih monitoringov se opazi razlika med slovenskimi bolnišnicami v tem, katere odpadne vode, ki so nastale pri njih, označijo za industrijske. Odpadne vode, ki so predmet obratovalnega monitoringa se med bolnišnicami razlikujejo. Najbolj izstopajo vode iz sanitarij, ki so ne glede na vsebnost farmacevtikov, ki se izločijo iz pacientov, velikokrat izvzete iz monitoringa. Po pregledu obratovalnih monitoringov v slovenskih bolnišnicah predlagamo več sprememb v slovenski zakonodaji: v obratovalni monitoring naj se doda tudi merjenje količine različnih farmacevtikov, bolj natančna opredelitev, kaj v bolnišnicah velja za industrijsko odpadno vodo in pa sprememba zakonodaje, ki naj določa obvezno čiščenje bolnišničnih odpadnih vod na izvoru in s tem zmanjša nevarnost, ki jo take vode predstavljajo za okolje. Hospital wastewater is water generated during the activities of a hospital. It possesses characteristic physical, chemical, and biological properties. Elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals, excreted by patients during treatment (antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antineoplastic agents, hormones, lipid regulators, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, psychotherapeutics, and others), are found in these waters. These compounds can be present in wastewater either as original substances or as metabolites. When introduced into the environment, these compounds, even in small concentrations, can have a long-term impact on organisms and pose a potential hazard. The World Health Organization recommends treating hospital wastewater at its source, and the European Union prescribes a Watch List of substances whose presence in surface waters member states should verify. In Slovenia, legislation mandates regular operational monitoring of industrial wastewater generated by hospitals, but the presence of pharmaceuticals is not assessed. A review of operational monitoring reveals discrepancies among Slovenian hospitals regarding which wastewater they classify as industrial. Wastewaters subject to operational monitoring vary between hospitals. Sanitary wastewater, despite the presence of pharmaceuticals excreted by patients, is often excluded from monitoring. Based on the examination of operational monitoring in Slovenian hospitals, we propose several changes to Slovenian legislation: include the measurement of various pharmaceutical quantities in operational monitoring, provide a more precise definition of what constitutes industrial wastewater in hospitals, and change legislation to require the mandatory treatment of hospital wastewater at the source, thereby reducing the environmental risk posed by such waters. čiščenje odpadnih vod bolnišnična odpadna voda farmacevtiki slovenska zakonodaja EU zakonodaja wastewater treatment hospital wastewater pharmaceuticals Slovenian legislation EU legislation true false false Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2024-09-11 08:15:42 2024-09-11 08:15:47 2024-10-03 12:11:05 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 244390 207273987 41747.pdf 41747.pdf 1 98E890EE027686DBF5F755FA64FC77F0 ef135d844c4592247d252f94bdf251ffb65da73015d572fb196e48dfd0bb36d3 3b2ddc65-7005-11ef-b232-0050569b8976 https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=190336 Biotehniška fakulteta 0 0 0